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        liz's doc/ Reference/ Agent tools

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          AI can make mistakes; check the source Open as a page ↗
          Ask the docs
          中文 English 日本語
          Directory
          Explorer

          Programming

          Models & agents 16
          Model Foundations
          Tokens, probabilities and samplingAttention, feed-forward networks and MoEInference, KV cache and memoryInference-time compute, candidates and verification
          Requests and Evidence
          Prompts and output contractsContext engineeringRetrieval, RAG and evidence
          Agent Execution Systems
          Agent loops and executorsTool interfaces and MCPSkills and reusable task methodsMemory, state and recoveryAuthority, trust and tool boundariesMulti-agent orchestration and integration
          Evaluation and Production
          Evaluation, trials and observabilityCost, capacity and reliabilityRelease validation, canaries and recovery
          Compilers 20
          Lexical Analysis
          Regular Expressions and AutomataLexer Design
          Syntax Analysis
          Recursive Descent and LL AnalysisLR ParsingAST Design and Error Recovery
          Semantic Analysis
          Symbol Tables and ScopesType Systems
          Intermediate Representation
          SSA FormLLVM IR in Practice
          Optimization
          Data Flow AnalysisClassic OptimizationsRegister Allocation
          Code Generation
          Instruction SelectionObject Code and ABI
          Runtime
          Garbage CollectionLinking and Loading
          Compilation Technology Applications
          JIT CompilationDSL DesignCompile-Time MetaprogrammingLSP and Language Servers
          Game development 4
          Making Every Operation in a Web Single-Player Game Truly Atomic Making Action Sprite Frames Hit on Time in Combat From Character art to Animation Frame Sequences Decouple Idle Settlement from Call Frequency
          Rust 33
          Ownership and Borrowing
          Ownership ModelReferences and BorrowingLifetimes
          Type System
          Primitive Types and Memory LayoutEnums and Pattern Matchingstruct and trait
          Advanced Generics and Traits
          Generics and MonomorphizationTrait Objects and Dynamic DispatchAssociated Types and GATs
          Smart Pointers and Memory
          Box, Rc, and ArcCell, RefCell, and Mutex: Interior MutabilityAllocators and Memory Layout
          Error Handling
          Result and OptionThe Error Trait and Ecosystem
          Concurrency and Asynchrony
          Send and Syncasync/await InternalsTokio RuntimeThreads and Synchronization Primitives
          Unsafe Rust
          Raw Pointers and FFIunsafe Blocks and the Soundness ContractInline Assembly
          Macro System
          Declarative Macros: macro_rules!Procedural Macros
          Cargo and Build
          Cargo.toml ExplainedConditional Compilation and cfgWorkspace and Project Management
          Standard Library Depth
          Iterators and ClosuresCollection TypesStrings and Paths
          FFI and System Interaction
          C ABI and bindgenKernel Modules and no_std
          Async Ecosystem
          Tower and Middlewaretonic and gRPC

          Computer systems

          Distributed systems 23
          Distributed systems foundations
          CAP and Consistency ModelsTime and ClocksFailure Models
          Consensus Protocols
          RaftPaxosConsensus in Practice in Real Systems
          Replication and Consistency
          Replication StrategiesConflict ResolutionDistributed Transactions
          Partitioning and Routing
          Consistent HashingSharding StrategiesDynamic Rebalancing
          Members and Discovery
          Failure DetectionGossip ProtocolService Discovery
          Distributed Storage
          Distributed Read/Write PathsAnti-Entropy and Data RepairStorage System Instances
          Messages and Streams
          Message SemanticsKafka ArchitectureConsumer Groups and Collaboration
          Observability
          Distributed TracingMetrics and Alerts
          Electronics 34
          Basic Electrical Engineering
          Basic Physical Quantities and LawsDC Circuit Analysis
          Passive Components
          ResistorCapacitorInductors and Transformers
          Semiconductor
          Band Theory and DopingPN JunctionDiodeBJT Bipolar Junction TransistorMOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)Overview of Power Devices
          Analog Circuits
          Fundamentals of Amplifier CircuitsOperational Amplifier (Op-Amp)Power Supply Circuits
          Digital Circuits
          Logic Gates and Boolean AlgebraCombinational Logic CircuitsSequential Logic Circuits
          Interfaces and Communication
          Logic Levels and Interface Physical LayersSerial Bus ProtocolsUSB and Type-CPCIe and High-Speed InterconnectsDisplay and Camera Interfaces
          Wireless Communication
          Wi-Fi and BluetoothIoT Wireless Protocols
          Power and Protection
          Charging Protocols and Fast ChargingBattery TechnologyProtection Circuits
          Embedded Systems
          MCU Selection and Development EcosystemCommon Peripheral CircuitsSensorsStorage Technologies
          Practice and Tools
          Measurement Instruments and ToolsPCB Design FundamentalsDebugging and Programming Interfaces
          Linux kernel 49
          Process Management
          task_struct and the process lifecycleThe Linux scheduler: from runnable tasks to CPU timeLinux context switching — context_switch, switch_mm, and switch_toSignals and ptrace: From Asynchronous Notifications to Controlled Stops
          Memory Management
          Virtual Memory: Understanding Page Tables, Page Faults, and TLB from a Single Memory Access InstructionVMA and Maple Tree: How Address Ranges Are Established, Changed, and Accessed ConcurrentlyPhysical Memory Management: Constraints on Allocation from Continuous BlocksSlab and kmalloc: Object Reuse, Space Retention, and LifecyclePage Reclaim and Swap: How to Free Memory Without Losing Needed Data
          File System
          VFS: From Pathname to Open FilePage Cache and I/O: Caching, Writeback, and PersistenceFilesystem Implementation: Layout, Journaling, COW, and RecoveryVFS Advanced: Lock Ownership, Persistent Updates, and Data PassingZFS: Storage Pools, Transaction Groups, and Synchronous Write RecoveryNFS: Consistency, State, and Recovery of Remote FilesTemporary and Pseudo Filesystems: Data, Interfaces, and Resource Boundaries
          Interrupts and Clocks
          Interrupt SubsystemClocks and TimersTime Management: Time Scales, Corrections, and Reading
          Synchronization Mechanisms
          Locking Mechanisms and Memory OrderingRCU: Publication, Grace Periods, and ReclamationSynchronization Debugging: Dependencies, Races, and Stalls
          Network Subsystem
          Network Protocol Stack OverviewTCP/IP Protocol StackNetfilter and BPF/XDPVirtual Networks, Routing, and QueuesRDMA: Queues, Memory Registration, and Completion Semantics
          Block Device Layer
          Block Device LayerNVMe and Storage
          eBPF and Observability
          eBPF FundamentalseBPF Program TypesTracing and Debugging
          Security Mechanisms
          LSM and Access ControlKernel HardeningCrypto API and Storage Encryption
          Drivers and Device Model
          Device ModelPCIe and USB Driver ModelsDRM and GraphicsIOMMU and DMA API
          Kernel Development and Build
          Kbuild and ModulesDebugging and TestingLive Patching
          Containers and Primitives
          Namespacescgroup
          KVM and Virtualization
          KVM ArchitectureKVM Memory and Device VirtualizationQEMU and KVM Collaboration
          Power Management
          cpufreq and cpuidleSuspend and Wake-up
          Networking 46
          L2 Data Link
          Ethernet and MACARP and NDPSwitching, Bridging, and VXLAN
          L3 Network Layer
          IPv4 ProtocolIPv6 ProtocolICMP and PMTUDRouting and BGP
          L4 Transport Layer
          TCPUDP and QUIC Transport LayerPorts and NAT Traversal
          DNS
          DNS Protocol and ResolutionDNSSEC and DNS SecurityDNS Privacy: DoH, DoT, DoQ, and ODoHDNS Infrastructure
          TLS and PKI
          TLS 1.2 HandshakeTLS 1.3 HandshakeCertificates and PKImTLS and Mutual Authentication
          HTTP
          HTTP/1.1HTTP/2HTTP/3Reverse Proxy and Load BalancingREST and API DesignWebSocket and SSE
          Proxy Agreement
          Forward ProxyTransparent Proxy and TUNProxy Protocol Comparison
          VPN and Tunnels
          WireGuard ProtocolTailscale ArchitectureIPsec and IKEv2Tunnel Technology Comparison
          Email Protocols
          SMTPIMAP and POP3
          Real-time communication
          WebRTCStreaming ProtocolsMQTT
          Messages and Events
          Webhooks and CallbacksMessage Queue Protocols
          Security Protocols
          SSH ProtocolOAuth2 and OpenID ConnectAuthentication Framework
          Network Diagnostics
          tcpdump and WiresharkNetwork Fault Diagnosis MethodologyNetwork Performance and Tuning
          Protocol Design and Evolution
          Binary Protocol DesignProtocol Evolution and Compatibility
          Systems programming 23
          ELF and Binary Formats
          ELF File FormatDynamic Linking and ld.soLoading and Startup: From ELF Entry to main
          System Call ABI
          Linux x86-64 System Call ABI: Registers, SYSCALL, and RCX/R11ARM64 System Call ABIAnatomy of glibc Syscall Wrappers
          Processes and Memory
          Process Memory LayoutInside malloc: The glibc AllocatorASLR and Security Hardening
          Signals and Exceptions
          User-space Signal Handlingptrace and Debugging Interfaces
          IO and File Systems
          Buffered I/O (stdio)io_uring: Submission and Completion Modelepoll and Event-Driven Programming
          IPC and Synchronization
          futex: Waiting and Waking for User-Space LocksPipes and socketpairShared Memory and Semaphores
          Toolchain and Compilation
          GCC and Clang InternalsLinker Scripts and RelocationMake / CMake / Meson Build Systems
          Performance and Debugging
          Deep Dive into perfValgrind and Sanitizers in PracticeUser-space Tracing with ftrace and bpftrace

          Theory

          Information theory 7
          Information & probability
          Entropy and Information MeasuresKL Divergence and Cross-Entropy
          Coding & communication
          Source Coding and CompressionChannel Capacity and Coding
          Representation & applications
          Rate–Distortion and the Information BottleneckInformation Theory in LLMsOptional: Conditional Information and Data Processing
          Control theory 11
          Feedback & dynamics
          Feedback and controlDynamic modelsResponse and stability
          Controllers & frequency response
          PID controlTransfer functions and polesFrequency response and stability margins
          Sampling & applications
          Sampling and digital controlConstraints and robustnessControl in computing systems
          State space & optimization
          Advanced: state feedback and observersAdvanced: optimal control and MPC
          Queueing theory 11
          Arrivals & waiting
          System boundaries and queueing timelinesLittle’s law and measurement boundariesArrival processes and model assumptions
          Queueing models
          M/M/1: utilization and tail latencyVariability, M/G/1 and Kingman’s approximationMultiple servers and resource pooling
          Scheduling & networks
          Scheduling, head-of-line blocking and fairnessFinite queues and admission controlQueueing networks and bottlenecks
          Measurement & capacity
          Measurement, load testing and discrete-event simulationCapacity planning and overload recovery

          Arts & society

          Economics foundations 20
          Choice & exchange
          Economic Choice and AnalysisSpecialization, Comparative Advantage, and Exchange
          Prices & trade
          Market Prices and ElasticitySurplus, Taxes, and Subsidies
          Firms & interaction
          Firm Costs, Pricing, and CompetitionStrategic Interaction and CooperationAsymmetric Information and Contracts
          Institutions & distribution
          Externalities and Social CostsPublic Goods and Common ResourcesLabor Markets, Wages, and EmploymentIncome, Wealth, and Inequality
          Output & prices
          GDP and National IncomePrice Indexes and Inflation
          Money & credit
          Money, Banking, and CreditInterest, Saving, and Investment
          Fluctuations & policy
          Economic Fluctuations and Aggregate DemandFiscal PolicyMonetary Policy
          Trade & growth
          International Trade and Exchange RatesProductivity and Economic Growth
          Music foundations 11
          Rhythm, pitch & notation
          Beat and RhythmPitch and IntervalsReading the StaffMeter and AccentsNote Values and Rests
          Tonality, melody & harmony
          Scales and KeysTriads and InversionsMelody and Harmony
          Timbre & form
          Timbre and TextureMusical Form
          Practice
          Staff Reading Practice
          Visual foundations 7
          Light & volume
          Value and Visual ContrastLight and Volume
          Shape & space
          Shape and ProportionSpace and Perspective
          Colour & composition
          Hue, Lightness, and ChromaColor Palette DesignComposition and Visual Emphasis

          Tools & practice

          Operations 25
          Bluetooth Operations Manual Caddy Operations Manual Certificate Operations Manual Database Backup and Diagnostics Manual Disk Diagnostics Manual DNS Operations Manual Docker Operations Manual Git Operations Manual Grafana Operations Manual Helm Operations Manual Kubernetes Operations Manual Kernel Operations Manual Audio and Video Operations Manual Mihomo Operations Manual Network Device Operations Manual nftables Operations Manual Perforce Operations Manual Gentoo Package Operations Manual Prometheus Operations Manual SSH Operations Manual Storage Changes and Recovery Manual systemd Operations Manual Tailscale Operations Manual
          Runbooks
          wildwindstudio.com Certificate Auto-Renewal + Tencent Cloud CLB RebindingTencent Cloud EdgeOne + COS Deployment Guide: API Origin Fetch and Static Site
          Homelab 10
          What Local Large Models Can Help With: Boundaries, Scenarios, and Automation Local LLM Deployment Notes Full-Stack Monitoring: Prometheus + Grafana + Loki + Tempo + Bark Practical Home Network Architecture: Wired Mesh, Single-Arm Side Router, and Fail-Open Network Failure Recovery Manual rathole + Caddy Intranet Penetration: A Complete Solution from CGNAT to Public HTTPS Server Lifecycle: Onboarding and Removal Software Stack Inventory System Drive Backup and Recovery Scheduled Tasks and Automated Scheduling
          Developer tools 6
          chezmoi source state, differences and synchronisation CLI tools for finding, searching and reviewing Ghostty configuration, themes and terminal capabilities Zsh completion, previews and startup diagnosis WezTerm on Windows and across platforms Zellij sessions, layouts and editor navigation
          Hyprland desktop 7
          Hyprland Lua monitor coordinates, bindings and validation Quickshell and Caelestia components, services and local changes Hyprland Waybar configuration and modular themes Hyprland locking, idle policy and companion services Matugen from palette generation to application refresh Hyprland session environment and desktop integration diagnosis
          Neovim 7
          Neovim plugin specifications and key management Neovim editing actions, registers and project navigation Neovim language services, completion and formatting A Neovim project exercise fixing a boundary error Neovim input methods, remote clipboard and pane navigation Neovim versions, upgrades and fault isolation

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