Read the clef first, then find the notehead’s line or space. Use G4 on the second line of the treble staff, or F3 on the fourth line of the bass staff, as a landmark. Include the octave and any accidental when you name the note.
Begin with one clef and natural notes. Once the positions become familiar, try the other clef, then mix them. With accidentals, read the letter before applying the sharp or flat: C♯ and D♭ may sound alike, but occupy different places on the staff.
Reading practice
Preparing the visual Try again
Reading notes Use a familiar line as a landmark, then count neighboring lines and spaces. Ledger lines continue the same pattern above or below the staff.
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-93C64 -95 61 -96 58 -96C49 -96 47 -86 47 -81Z\",\"natural\":\"M141 181C139 181 138 180 137 180C137 180 73 157 47 157C41 157 37 158 37 162V329C37 336 31 341 25 341H12C5 341 0 336 0 329V-186C0 -192 3 -195 8 -195C9 -195 11 -194 12 -194C12 -194 14 -194 15 -193C29 -187 85 -163 114 -163C124 -163 131 -166 131 -174V-323C131 -330 136 -335 143 -335H156C162 -335 168 -330 168 -323V179C168 184 164 187 160 187C159 187 157 187 156 186ZM37 39C37 53 98 79 122 79C128 79 131 78 131 74V-29C131 -47 74 -70 49 -70C42 -70 37 -68 37 -64Z\",\"flagDown\":\"M240 760C254 718 261 668 261 623C261 564 236 480 221 446C184 362 134 281 0 236V1C0 -9 8 -14 16 -14C25 -14 38 -8 40 8C57 103 131 190 182 269C245 368 306 487 306 612C306 690 286 761 278 793C275 804 269 808 262 808C250 808 237 796 237 777C237 772 238 766 240 760Z\"};\n// Small SVG engraver for the deliberately limited notation taught in this course.\n// Bravura outlines: Steinberg, SIL OFL 1.1; see engraving/OFL.txt.\nconst MusicStaff=(()=>{\n const ns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',letters=['C','D','E','F','G','A','B'],pcs=[0,2,4,5,7,9,11];\n const el=(tag,attrs={})=>{const n=document.createElementNS(ns,tag);for(const [k,v] of Object.entries(attrs))n.setAttribute(k,v);return n;};\n const parse=p=>{const m=p.match(/^([A-G])([♯♭♮]?)([0-8])$/);if(!m)throw Error('invalid written pitch');const letter=letters.indexOf(m[1]),oct=+m[3],alter=m[2]==='♯'?1:m[2]==='♭'?-1:0;return {step:oct*7+letter,midi:(oct+1)*12+pcs[letter]+alter,alter,sign:m[2],name:p};};\n const fromStep=(step,alter=0)=>letters[((step%7)+7)%7]+(alter>0?'♯':alter<0?'♭':'')+Math.floor(step/7);\n const fromMidi=(m,flat=false)=>{const names=flat?['C','D♭','D','E♭','E','F','G♭','G','A♭','A','B♭','B']:['C','C♯','D','D♯','E','F','F♯','G','G♯','A','A♯','B'];return names[m%12]+(Math.floor(m/12)-1);};\n function glyph(parent,name,x,y,gap){parent.append(el('path',{d:GLYPHS[name],transform:`translate(${x} ${y}) scale(${gap/250} ${-gap/250})`,fill:'currentColor'}));}\n function render({clef='treble',notes=[],meter=null,key=null,labels=false,small=false,answerLabel='',barEnds=[]}={}){\n const gap=small?12:16,bottom=small?92:114,width=Math.max(300,Math.min(660,110+notes.length*66)),height=small?158:196;\n const svg=el('svg',{viewBox:`0 0 ${width} ${height}`,class:'mf-staff',role:'img','aria-label':answerLabel||viz.t('staff_description')});\n const line=(x1,y1,x2,y2,w=1)=>svg.append(el('line',{x1,y1,x2,y2,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':w,opacity:.7}));\n for(let i=0;i<5;i++)line(12,bottom-i*gap,width-12,bottom-i*gap);\n glyph(svg,clef,24,clef==='treble'?bottom-gap:bottom-3*gap,gap);\n let left=80;\n if(key==='G'){glyph(svg,'sharp',left,bottom-4*gap,gap);left+=32;}\n if(meter){const [n,d]=meter.split('/');for(const [v,y] of [[n,bottom-2.65*gap],[d,bottom-.7*gap]]){const t=el('text',{x:left,y,'font-size':gap*1.9,'font-weight':700,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});t.textContent=v;svg.append(t);}left+=30;}\n const base=clef==='treble'?30:18,positions=[];\n notes.forEach((n,i)=>{\n const x=left+(i+.5)*(width-24-left)/Math.max(1,notes.length),group=el('g',{'data-note-index':i});svg.append(group);positions.push(x);\n if(n.blank){group.append(el('rect',{x:x-11,y:bottom-2*gap-13,width:22,height:26,fill:'var(--paper)',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-dasharray':'3 2'}));}\n else if(n.rest){glyph(group,({4:'wholeRest',2:'halfRest',1:'quarterRest','0.5':'eighthRest'})[n.value]||'quarterRest',x-6,bottom-(n.value===4?3:2)*gap,gap);}\n else{\n const pitches=n.chord||[n.pitch];\n for(const pitch of pitches){const p=parse(pitch),pos=p.step-base,y=bottom-pos*gap/2;\n for(let k=-2;k>=pos;k-=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n for(let k=10;k<=pos;k+=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n glyph(group,n.value===4?'whole':n.value===2?'half':'black',x-gap*.59,y,gap);\n if(p.sign)glyph(group,p.sign==='♯'?'sharp':p.sign==='♭'?'flat':'natural',x-gap*1.7,y,gap);\n if(n.dot)group.append(el('circle',{cx:x+gap*.95,cy:y-(pos%2===0?gap/2:0),r:gap*.13,fill:'currentColor'}));\n }\n const ps=pitches.map(parse).map(p=>p.step-base),highest=Math.max(...ps),lowest=Math.min(...ps),down=(highest+lowest)/2>=4;\n if(n.value!==4){const stemx=x+(down?-gap*.55:gap*.55),from=bottom-(down?highest:lowest)*gap/2,to=bottom-(down?lowest:highest)*gap/2+(down?gap*3.5:-gap*3.5);group.append(el('line',{x1:stemx,x2:stemx,y1:from,y2:to,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));\n if(n.value===.5){glyph(group,down?'flagDown':'flag',stemx,to,gap);}\n }\n }\n if(labels){const text=el('text',{x,y:height-15,'font-size':14,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});text.textContent=n.rest?viz.t('rest'):(n.chord||[n.pitch]).join(' ');svg.append(text);}\n if(n.barAfter||barEnds.includes(i))line(x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom,x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom-4*gap,1.5);\n });\n for(let i=0;i<notes.length-1;i++)if(notes[i].tie){const x=positions[i],x2=positions[i+1],pos=parse(notes[i].pitch).step-base,direction=pos>=4?-1:1,y=bottom-pos*gap/2+direction*gap;svg.append(el('path',{d:`M ${x} ${y} Q ${(x+x2)/2} ${y+direction*gap} ${x2} ${y}`,fill:'none',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));}\n line(width-12,bottom,width-12,bottom-4*gap,1.5);return svg;\n }\n function score(notes,bpm=90){let beat=0;const events=[];notes.forEach(n=>{const length=n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);if(!n.rest){if(n.continueTie){const last=events[events.length-1];last.duration+=length*60/bpm;}else for(const p of n.chord||[n.pitch])events.push({beat,hz:440*2**((parse(p).midi-69)/12),duration:length*60/bpm*.94,gain:.8,wave:'triangle',hold:true});}beat+=length;});return {bpm,beats:beat,events};}\n return {render,parse,fromStep,fromMidi,score};\n})();\n\nconst PRACTICE = {\"kind\": \"pitchTrainer\"};\nconst $=s=>document.querySelector(s),t=viz.t;\nfunction make(tag,attrs={},text=''){const e=document.createElement(tag);for(const [k,v]of Object.entries(attrs))e.setAttribute(k,v);e.textContent=text;return e;}\nconst shuffle=a=>{a=[...a];for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}return a;};\nlet mode='treble',ledger=false,altered=false,modifier=0,deck=[],reviews=[],current=null,serial=0;\nlet phase='asking',paused=false,assisted=false,mistaken=false,completed=0,firstTry=0,streak=0;\nconst player=viz.audio({onState(s){document.body.dataset.audioState=s;$('#stop').disabled=s==='idle';$('#status').textContent=t(s==='idle'?'idle':s==='starting'?'starting':'playing');},onError(){ $('#status').textContent=t('error'); }});\nconst advance=viz.playback({delay:500,canAdvance:()=>phase==='correct'&&!paused,advance:next,onChange(running){if(!running&&phase==='correct'){paused=true;updateState();}}});\nfunction bounds(clef){return clef==='treble'?(ledger?[28,39]:[30,38]):(ledger?[16,28]:[18,26]);}\nfunction identity(q){return q.clef+':'+q.pitch;}\nfunction bank(){const qs=[];for(const clef of mode==='mixed'?['treble','bass']:[mode]){const [lo,hi]=bounds(clef);for(let step=lo;step<=hi;step++)for(const alter of altered?[-1,0,1]:[0])qs.push({clef,step,alter,pitch:MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter)});}return shuffle(qs);}\nfunction pick(){\n const previous=current&&identity(current);\n const due=reviews.findIndex(r=>r.due<=serial&&identity(r.q)!==previous);\n if(due>=0)return reviews.splice(due,1)[0].q;\n if(!deck.length)deck=bank();\n const i=deck.findIndex(q=>identity(q)!==previous);\n return deck.splice(i<0?0:i,1)[0];\n}\nfunction review(){if(!reviews.some(r=>identity(r.q)===identity(current)))reviews.push({q:{...current},due:serial+3});}\nfunction select(key,id,items,change){const label=make('label',{},t(key)),s=make('select',{id});for(const [value,text]of items)s.append(make('option',{value},t(text)));s.onchange=()=>{change(s.value);reset();};label.append(s);$('#controls').append(label);}\nselect('clef','clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass'],['mixed','mixed']],v=>mode=v);\nselect('range','range',[['staff','staff_only'],['ledger','ledger_range']],v=>ledger=v==='ledger');\nselect('difficulty','difficulty',[['plain','plain'],['altered','altered']],v=>altered=v==='altered');\nfor(const [value,key,symbol]of [[-1,'flat','♭'],[0,'natural','♮'],[1,'sharp','♯']]){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-modifier':value,'aria-label':t(key)},symbol);b.onclick=()=>{if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;modifier=value;updateKeys();};$('#modifiers').append(b);}\nfunction stats(){const row=$('#stats');row.replaceChildren();for(const [key,value]of [['read_count',completed],['accuracy',completed?Math.round(firstTry/completed*100)+'%':'—'],['streak',streak]]){const item=make('span',{},t(key));item.append(make('strong',{'data-stat':key},String(value)));row.append(item);}}\nfunction updateState(){document.body.dataset.phase=paused?'paused':phase;$('#pause').textContent=t(paused?'resume':'pause');$('#pause').setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(paused));for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-answer],[data-modifier]'))b.setAttribute('aria-disabled',String(paused||phase!=='asking'));$('#hint').disabled=$('#note-hint').disabled=paused||phase!=='asking';$('#play').disabled=paused;}\nfunction updateKeys(){for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-pitch-step]')){const pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(+b.dataset.pitchStep,modifier);b.dataset.answer=pitch;b.textContent=pitch;delete b.dataset.result;}for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-modifier]'))b.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(+b.dataset.modifier===modifier));}\nfunction drawKeys(){\n const row=$('#answers'),[lo,hi]=bounds(current.clef),focused=document.activeElement?.dataset.pitchStep;\n // Keep the same buttons while practising a clef, including keyboard focus.\n if(row.dataset.bounds!==lo+':'+hi){row.replaceChildren();for(let step=lo;step<=hi;step++){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-pitch-step':step});b.onclick=()=>answer(b);row.append(b);}row.dataset.bounds=lo+':'+hi;if(focused)row.querySelector(`[data-pitch-step=\"${Math.max(lo,Math.min(hi,+focused))}\"]`)?.focus({preventScroll:true});}\n updateKeys();\n}\nfunction next(){\n phase='asking';current=pick();serial++;assisted=false;mistaken=false;modifier=0;\n $('#sheet').replaceChildren(MusicStaff.render({clef:current.clef,notes:[{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}]}));\n $('#feedback').textContent=t('question');$('#meta').textContent='';$('#modifiers').hidden=!altered;\n drawKeys();stats();updateState();\n}\nfunction answer(b){\n if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;\n player.stop();\n if(b.dataset.answer!==current.pitch){mistaken=true;streak=0;review();for(const key of document.querySelectorAll('[data-answer]'))delete key.dataset.result;b.dataset.result='wrong';$('#feedback').textContent=t(+b.dataset.pitchStep===current.step?'check_sign':'try_again');stats();return;}\n phase='correct';completed++;if(!mistaken&&!assisted){firstTry++;streak++;}else{streak=0;review();}\n b.dataset.result='correct';$('#feedback').textContent=t('correct')+' '+current.pitch;stats();updateState();\n if($('#sound').checked)player.play(MusicStaff.score([{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}],140));\n advance.play();\n}\nfunction help(showName){if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;assisted=true;streak=0;review();stats();$('#meta').textContent=t('anchor_'+current.clef)+' '+t('position')+' '+(current.step-(current.clef==='treble'?30:18));if(showName)$('#meta').textContent+=' · '+t('answer')+' '+current.pitch;}\n$('#hint').onclick=()=>help(false);$('#note-hint').onclick=()=>help(true);\n$('#pause').onclick=()=>{if(paused){paused=false;if(phase==='correct')next();else{$('#feedback').textContent=t('question');updateState();}}else{paused=true;advance.pause();player.stop();$('#feedback').textContent=t('paused');updateState();}};\n$('#play').onclick=()=>{if(!paused)player.play(MusicStaff.score([{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}]));};\n$('#stop').onclick=()=>player.stop();$('#volume').oninput=e=>player.setVolume(+e.target.value/100);$('#sound').onchange=()=>player.stop();\nfunction reset(){phase='asking';advance.pause();player.stop();deck=[];reviews=[];current=null;serial=completed=firstTry=streak=0;paused=false;next();}\n// Leaving the activity during feedback preserves the solved note until Resume.\n// The host's playback controller cancels its timer when the iframe goes offscreen.\nreset();\n","audio":true,"strings":{"accidental":"Accidental","accuracy":"First-try accuracy","altered":"Include accidentals","anchor_bass":"Anchor: the fourth line from the bottom, between the two dots, is F3.","anchor_treble":"Anchor: the second line from the bottom is G4. Move one letter for each neighboring line or space.","answer":"Answer:","arrange_tip":"Select a bar, replace its material, then listen. The staff shows that bar; during full playback it follows the current bar.","assisted":"Assisted questions","bar":"Bar","bar_hint":"First convert the time signature to quarter-note units. Add the written values, then subtract from the bar total.","bar_prompt":"Complete this bar. The box is the missing duration; choose its value in quarter-note beats.","bar_total":"Bar total","bass":"Bass clef","before":"Make your choice, then check the explanation.","before_check":"Choose an answer before checking or revealing the explanation.","check":"Check my answer","check_sign":"Check the sharp or flat beside the note.","choose_p":"P is transposed","choose_q":"Q is transposed","chord_tip":"Read the stack from bottom to top. The root label stays fixed when you change the inversion.","clef":"Clef","compare_title":"Commit to an answer before revealing the diagram","comparison_correct":"P keeps every interval; Q changes one internal pitch. Compare the revealed distances.","correct":"Correct.","difficulty":"Pitch set","dotted":"Dotted quarter · 1½","down":"One staff position down","eighth":"Eighth note · ½","eighth_rest":"Eighth rest · ½","error":"Audio could not start. Retry or use the written explanation.","finished":"Round complete. Review the last explanation or start a new round.","first_inversion":"First inversion","first_try":"First-try correct","flat":"Flat ♭","full":"Play whole arrangement","half":"Half note · 2","half_rest":"Half rest · 2","heading":"Reading notes","hint":"Position hint","idle":"Use Play to hear this note.","intro":"Read the clef, locate the notehead, then name the pitch and octave. Remember to include any sharp or flat.","inversion":"Bass position","key_hint":"One sharp in the key signature means every F is sharp unless a local accidental changes it. A barline resets local accidentals, not the key signature.","key_prompt":"Read the highlighted note using the key signature and any local accidental.","ledger":"A short ledger line extends the staff. It is counted just like a normal staff line.","ledger_range":"Include ledger lines","major":"Major","material":"Material for selected bar","melody_only":"Melody only","minor":"Minor","missing":"Missing","mixed":"Mixed clefs","natural":"Natural ♮","next":"Next question","note_hint":"Show note name","one_bar":"Play selected bar","pause":"Pause","paused":"Paused","pitch_keys":"Note names","plain":"Natural notes","play":"Play","playing":"Playing…","position":"Steps above the bottom line (each line-to-space move = 1):","pulse":"Reference pulse","quality":"Quality","quarter":"Quarter note · 1","quarter_rest":"Quarter rest · 1","question":"Choose the note name and octave.","range":"Range","read_count":"Notes read","reset":"Restore starting arrangement","rest":"rest","restart":"New round","resume":"Resume","reveal":"Reveal explanation","root":"Root","root_position":"Root position","round":"Round","second_inversion":"Second inversion","sharp":"Sharp ♯","sound":"Sound on correct answers","staff_description":"Five-line music staff. Use the position description if you cannot see the notation.","staff_only":"Within the staff","starting":"Preparing audio…","stop":"Stop","streak":"Streak","symbols":"Note and rest values","target_note":"Read note","tied":"Two tied quarters · 2","treble":"Treble clef","try_again":"Try again. Check the clef, position, and octave.","unit":"Symbol excerpt, not a complete bar. Values use quarter-note units. Each audition lasts four beats; a soft pulse continues through rests.","untied":"Two separate quarters · 1 + 1","up":"One staff position up","volume":"Volume","whole":"Whole note · 4","whole_rest":"Whole rest · 4 here","written":"Already written","wrong":"Not yet. Compare your choice with the explanation."}}
If a note takes a long time to identify, find a nearby landmark and count toward it. Say each letter as you move through the lines and spaces. Then look away and find that note again. Aim to recognize familiar positions without counting every time; speed will follow familiarity.
Use the position hint when you lose your place. For a sharp or flat, select its sign above the note names.
Reference staff and paper exercises
Cover the names below each row and read from left to right. The rows show treble lines, treble spaces, bass lines, and bass spaces. Then work these four questions without looking at the table:
Treble clef: the third space from the bottom.
Bass clef: the second line from the bottom.
Treble clef: the first ledger line below the staff.
Bass clef: the first ledger line above the staff, with a sharp.
Check the four answers
C5. 2. B2. 3. C4 (middle C). 4. C♯4. The sharp changes pitch by a semitone; the written position is still C.
Continue with note and rest values: complete a written bar , then key signatures and local accidentals . For chord stacks, use the triad builder .