録音は耳に音楽を伝えます。楽譜なら、鳴らす前に音楽を調べ、覚え、他の人に伝えることもできます。少し音符を読めるだけで、前回の音高関係を確かめる方法が増えます。
符頭の上下の位置は、音部記号を基準にして初めて音名になります。 よく使う二つの音部記号は異なる高さに基準を置き、同じ五本の線で違う音域を表します。
長い語呂合わせより、基準の音から
五線には五本の線と、その内側の四つの間があります。線は下から上へ数えます。符頭の中心を線が通れば線上の音、二本の線の間なら間の音です。隣の線・間へ一つ進むと、C–D–E–F–G–A–B、そして再び C と音名が一つ進みます。いつも全音ずつではありません。E–F と B–C は半音でしたね。
ト音記号(G clef)は第二線を囲み、そこを G4 とします。すぐ上の間が A4、次の線が B4。最下線は E4 で、C4 ではありません。
ヘ音記号(F clef)は二つの点で第四線を挟み、そこを F3 とします。最下線は G2 です。同じ位置に描いた音でも、音部記号が違えば別の音高になります。五線と音部記号

| 音部記号 | 線上の音、下から上 | 間の音、下から上 |
| ト音記号 | E4 G4 B4 D5 F5 | F4 A4 C5 E5 |
| ヘ音記号 | G2 B2 D3 F3 A3 | A2 C3 E3 G3 |
これは参照表で、速さを競う暗記テストではありません。まず基準を探し、隣の位置を数えます。よく出る位置は、やがて数えずに分かるようになります。
音符を動かして聴く
ト音記号の G4 から一つ上がると、線から間へ移って A4 になります。そこから二つ下げると F4。ヘ音記号へ切り替え、点の間の F3 を探してください。五本の線を動かすのではなく、高さの基準を変えています。
図を準備しています
五線上で音符を動かすト音記号は第二線の G4、ヘ音記号は第四線の F3 が基準。隣の線・間で音名が一つ進み、臨時記号は符頭を動かさず音高を変えます。
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131 -166 131 -174V-323C131 -330 136 -335 143 -335H156C162 -335 168 -330 168 -323V179C168 184 164 187 160 187C159 187 157 187 156 186ZM37 39C37 53 98 79 122 79C128 79 131 78 131 74V-29C131 -47 74 -70 49 -70C42 -70 37 -68 37 -64Z\",\"flagDown\":\"M240 760C254 718 261 668 261 623C261 564 236 480 221 446C184 362 134 281 0 236V1C0 -9 8 -14 16 -14C25 -14 38 -8 40 8C57 103 131 190 182 269C245 368 306 487 306 612C306 690 286 761 278 793C275 804 269 808 262 808C250 808 237 796 237 777C237 772 238 766 240 760Z\"};\n// Small SVG engraver for the deliberately limited notation taught in this course.\n// Bravura outlines: Steinberg, SIL OFL 1.1; see engraving/OFL.txt.\nconst MusicStaff=(()=>{\n const ns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',letters=['C','D','E','F','G','A','B'],pcs=[0,2,4,5,7,9,11];\n const el=(tag,attrs={})=>{const n=document.createElementNS(ns,tag);for(const [k,v] of Object.entries(attrs))n.setAttribute(k,v);return n;};\n const parse=p=>{const 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${width} ${height}`,class:'mf-staff',role:'img','aria-label':answerLabel||viz.t('staff_description')});\n const line=(x1,y1,x2,y2,w=1)=>svg.append(el('line',{x1,y1,x2,y2,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':w,opacity:.7}));\n for(let i=0;i<5;i++)line(12,bottom-i*gap,width-12,bottom-i*gap);\n glyph(svg,clef,24,clef==='treble'?bottom-gap:bottom-3*gap,gap);\n let left=80;\n if(key==='G'){glyph(svg,'sharp',left,bottom-4*gap,gap);left+=32;}\n if(meter){const [n,d]=meter.split('/');for(const [v,y] of [[n,bottom-2.65*gap],[d,bottom-.7*gap]]){const t=el('text',{x:left,y,'font-size':gap*1.9,'font-weight':700,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});t.textContent=v;svg.append(t);}left+=30;}\n const base=clef==='treble'?30:18,positions=[];\n notes.forEach((n,i)=>{\n const x=left+(i+.5)*(width-24-left)/Math.max(1,notes.length),group=el('g',{'data-note-index':i});svg.append(group);positions.push(x);\n if(n.blank){group.append(el('rect',{x:x-11,y:bottom-2*gap-13,width:22,height:26,fill:'var(--paper)',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-dasharray':'3 2'}));}\n else if(n.rest){glyph(group,({4:'wholeRest',2:'halfRest',1:'quarterRest','0.5':'eighthRest'})[n.value]||'quarterRest',x-6,bottom-(n.value===4?3:2)*gap,gap);}\n else{\n const pitches=n.chord||[n.pitch];\n for(const pitch of pitches){const p=parse(pitch),pos=p.step-base,y=bottom-pos*gap/2;\n for(let k=-2;k>=pos;k-=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n for(let k=10;k<=pos;k+=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n glyph(group,n.value===4?'whole':n.value===2?'half':'black',x-gap*.59,y,gap);\n if(p.sign)glyph(group,p.sign==='♯'?'sharp':p.sign==='♭'?'flat':'natural',x-gap*1.7,y,gap);\n if(n.dot)group.append(el('circle',{cx:x+gap*.95,cy:y-(pos%2===0?gap/2:0),r:gap*.13,fill:'currentColor'}));\n }\n const ps=pitches.map(parse).map(p=>p.step-base),highest=Math.max(...ps),lowest=Math.min(...ps),down=(highest+lowest)/2>=4;\n if(n.value!==4){const stemx=x+(down?-gap*.55:gap*.55),from=bottom-(down?highest:lowest)*gap/2,to=bottom-(down?lowest:highest)*gap/2+(down?gap*3.5:-gap*3.5);group.append(el('line',{x1:stemx,x2:stemx,y1:from,y2:to,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));\n if(n.value===.5){glyph(group,down?'flagDown':'flag',stemx,to,gap);}\n }\n }\n if(labels){const text=el('text',{x,y:height-15,'font-size':14,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});text.textContent=n.rest?viz.t('rest'):(n.chord||[n.pitch]).join(' ');svg.append(text);}\n if(n.barAfter||barEnds.includes(i))line(x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom,x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom-4*gap,1.5);\n });\n for(let i=0;i<notes.length-1;i++)if(notes[i].tie){const x=positions[i],x2=positions[i+1],pos=parse(notes[i].pitch).step-base,direction=pos>=4?-1:1,y=bottom-pos*gap/2+direction*gap;svg.append(el('path',{d:`M ${x} ${y} Q ${(x+x2)/2} ${y+direction*gap} ${x2} ${y}`,fill:'none',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));}\n line(width-12,bottom,width-12,bottom-4*gap,1.5);return svg;\n }\n function score(notes,bpm=90){let beat=0;const events=[];notes.forEach(n=>{const length=n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);if(!n.rest){if(n.continueTie){const last=events[events.length-1];last.duration+=length*60/bpm;}else for(const p of n.chord||[n.pitch])events.push({beat,hz:440*2**((parse(p).midi-69)/12),duration:length*60/bpm*.94,gain:.8,wave:'triangle',hold:true});}beat+=length;});return {bpm,beats:beat,events};}\n return {render,parse,fromStep,fromMidi,score};\n})();\n\nconst PRACTICE = {\"kind\": \"map\"};\nconst $=s=>document.querySelector(s),t=viz.t;\nfunction make(tag,attrs={},text=''){const e=document.createElement(tag);for(const [k,v]of Object.entries(attrs))e.setAttribute(k,v);e.textContent=text;return e;}\nfunction button(parent,key,fn,attrs={}){const b=make('button',{type:'button',...attrs},t(key));b.onclick=fn;parent.append(b);return b;}\nfunction select(parent,key,items,fn,id){const label=make('label',{},t(key)),s=make('select',{id});for(const [value,k]of items)s.append(make('option',{value},t(k)));s.onchange=()=>{player.stop();fn(s.value);};label.append(s);parent.append(label);return s;}\nlet tickAction=()=>{},currentScore=null;\nconst player=viz.audio({onState(s){document.body.dataset.audioState=s;$('#status').textContent=t(s==='idle'?'idle':s==='starting'?'starting':'playing');$('#stop').disabled=s==='idle';},onTick:b=>tickAction(b),onError:()=>$('#status').textContent=t('error')});\n$('#stop').onclick=()=>player.stop();$('#volume').oninput=e=>player.setVolume(+e.target.value/100);\n$('#play').onclick=()=>{if(currentScore)player.play(currentScore);};document.body.dataset.audioState='idle';\nconst controls=$('#controls'),answers=$('#answers'),feedback=$('#feedback'),sheet=$('#sheet'),meta=$('#meta');\nconst staff=(notes,extra={})=>{sheet.replaceChildren(MusicStaff.render({notes,...extra}));};\nconst note=pitch=>({pitch,value:1});\nfunction highlight(beat,notes){let at=0;for(const [i,n]of notes.entries()){const end=at+n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);const g=sheet.querySelector(`[data-note-index=\"${i}\"]`);g?.setAttribute('data-current',String(beat>=at&&beat<end));at=end;}}\nconst shuffle=a=>{a=[...a];for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}return a;};\nif(PRACTICE.kind==='map'){\n let clef='treble',step=32,alter=0;\n select(controls,'clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass']],v=>{clef=v;step=v==='treble'?32:24;draw();},'clef');\n const row=make('div',{class:'mf-controls'});controls.append(row);\n button(row,'down',()=>{player.stop();step=Math.max(clef==='treble'?28:16,step-1);draw();},{id:'pitch-down'});\n button(row,'up',()=>{player.stop();step=Math.min(clef==='treble'?39:28,step+1);draw();},{id:'pitch-up'});\n select(controls,'accidental',[['0','natural'],['1','sharp'],['-1','flat']],v=>{alter=+v;draw();},'accidental');\n function draw(){const pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter),notes=[note(pitch)];staff(notes,{clef,labels:true});feedback.textContent=pitch+' · '+t('position')+' '+(step-(clef==='treble'?30:18));meta.textContent=t('anchor_'+clef)+(step<(clef==='treble'?30:18)||step>(clef==='treble'?38:26)?' '+t('ledger'):'');currentScore=MusicStaff.score(notes);tickAction=b=>highlight(b,notes);}\n draw();\n}else if(['pitchQuiz','rhythmQuiz','keyQuiz'].includes(PRACTICE.kind)){\n let clefMode='treble',altered=false,deck=[],index=0,choice=null,answered=false,usedHint=false,assisted=0,correct=0;\n const stats=make('p',{class:'mf-meta mf-score',id:'round-score'});controls.append(stats);\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){\n select(controls,'clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass'],['mixed','mixed']],v=>{clefMode=v;start();},'clef');\n select(controls,'difficulty',[['plain','plain'],['altered','altered']],v=>{altered=v==='altered';start();},'difficulty');\n }\n const action=make('div',{class:'mf-actions'});$('#quiz-actions').append(action);\n const check=button(action,'check',()=>finish(false),{id:'check',disabled:''});\n const hint=button(action,'hint',()=>{if(!answered)usedHint=true;meta.textContent=hintText();},{id:'hint'});\n const reveal=button(action,'reveal',()=>finish(true),{id:'reveal'});\n const next=button(action,'next',()=>{if(index<deck.length-1){index++;draw();}else{feedback.textContent=t('finished');next.disabled=true;}},{id:'next',disabled:''});\n button(action,'restart',start,{id:'restart'});\n function bank(){\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){\n const clefs=clefMode==='mixed'?['treble','bass']:[clefMode],qs=[];\n for(const clef of clefs)for(let step=clef==='treble'?28:16;step<=(clef==='treble'?39:28);step++){const alter=altered?[0,1,-1][Math.floor(Math.random()*3)]:0,pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter);qs.push({clef,step,pitch,answer:pitch,notes:[note(pitch)]});}\n return shuffle(qs).slice(0,12);\n }\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz')return shuffle([\n ['4/4',[note('C5'),{rest:true,value:1},{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],1],\n ['3/4',[note('C5'),note('C5')],1],['4/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:2},note('C5')],1],\n ['3/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],1],\n ['4/4',[{rest:true,value:2}],2],['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},note('C5')],.5],\n ['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{rest:true,value:.5},note('C5')],1],\n ['4/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},note('C5')],1.5],['3/4',[note('C5')],2],\n ['4/4',[{rest:true,value:1}],3],['3/4',[{rest:true,value:.5},note('C5')],1.5],['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],2]\n ].map(([meter,notes,missing])=>({meter,notes,missing,answer:String(missing),clef:'treble'})));\n return shuffle([\n {notes:[{pitch:'F4',value:4}],target:0,answer:'F♯4',sounds:['F♯4']},\n {notes:[note('F♮4'),note('F4'),note('G4'),note('A4')],target:1,answer:'F4',sounds:['F4','F4','G4','A4']},\n {notes:[{pitch:'F♮4',value:4,barAfter:true},{pitch:'F4',value:4}],target:1,answer:'F♯4',sounds:['F4','F♯4']},\n {notes:[{pitch:'F5',value:4}],target:0,answer:'F♯5',sounds:['F♯5']}\n ].map(q=>({...q,clef:'treble',key:'G',meter:'4/4'})));\n }\n function start(){player.stop();deck=bank();index=0;correct=0;assisted=0;draw();}\n function hintText(){const q=deck[index];if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz')return t('anchor_'+q.clef)+' '+t('position')+' '+(q.step-(q.clef==='treble'?30:18));return t(PRACTICE.kind==='keyQuiz'?'key_hint':'bar_hint');}\n function draw(){player.stop();choice=null;answered=false;usedHint=false;check.disabled=true;next.disabled=true;reveal.disabled=false;hint.disabled=false;$('#play').disabled=PRACTICE.kind!=='pitchQuiz';feedback.textContent=t(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'?'before':'before_check');meta.textContent=t(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'?'question':PRACTICE.kind==='keyQuiz'?'key_prompt':'bar_prompt');answers.replaceChildren();\n const q=deck[index];let choices;\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){const offsets=shuffle([-2,-1,1,2]).slice(0,2),accOther=MusicStaff.parse(q.pitch).alter===0?1:0;choices=shuffle([q.answer,...offsets.map(d=>MusicStaff.fromStep(q.step+d,MusicStaff.parse(q.pitch).alter)),MusicStaff.fromStep(q.step,accOther)]);staff(q.notes,{clef:q.clef});currentScore=MusicStaff.score(q.notes);}\n else if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz'){staff([...q.notes,{blank:true,value:q.missing}],{meter:q.meter});choices=['0.5','1','1.5','2','3','4'];currentScore=null;}\n else{staff(q.notes,{meter:q.meter,key:'G'});sheet.querySelector(`[data-note-index=\"${q.target}\"]`)?.setAttribute('data-current','true');meta.textContent+=' '+t('target_note')+' '+(q.target+1);choices=['F4','F♯4','F5','F♯5'];currentScore=MusicStaff.score(q.notes.map((n,i)=>({...n,pitch:q.sounds[i]})));}\n for(const c of choices){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-answer':c,'aria-pressed':'false'},c==='0.5'?'½':c==='1.5'?'1½':c);b.onclick=()=>{if(answered)return;choice=c;check.disabled=false;[...answers.children].forEach(x=>x.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(x===b)));};answers.append(b);}\n updateStats();tickAction=b=>highlight(b,q.notes);\n }\n function updateStats(){stats.textContent=t('round')+' '+(index+1)+' / '+deck.length+' · '+t('first_try')+' '+correct+' · '+t('assisted')+' '+assisted;}\n function finish(explicit){if(answered||(!explicit&&choice===null))return;player.stop();answered=true;if(explicit)usedHint=true;if(usedHint)assisted++;if(!usedHint&&choice===deck[index].answer)correct++;const q=deck[index];feedback.textContent=(explicit?'':t(choice===q.answer?'correct':'wrong')+' ')+t('answer')+' '+q.answer+'. '+hintText();\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz'){const missing=q.missing===3?{pitch:'C5',value:2,dot:true}:q.missing===1.5?{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true}:{pitch:'C5',value:q.missing};const ns=[...q.notes,missing];staff(ns,{meter:q.meter});currentScore=MusicStaff.score(ns);const sum=q.notes.reduce((a,n)=>a+n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1),0);feedback.textContent+=' '+t('bar_total')+' '+(sum+q.missing)+' − '+t('written')+' '+sum+' = '+q.missing;tickAction=b=>highlight(b,ns);}\n else if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz')staff(q.notes,{clef:q.clef,labels:true});\n $('#play').disabled=false;check.disabled=true;reveal.disabled=true;hint.disabled=true;next.disabled=false;[...answers.children].forEach(b=>b.disabled=true);updateStats();}\n start();\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='symbols'){\n const kinds=[['whole',4,false,false],['half',2,false,false],['quarter',1,false,false],['eighth',.5,false,false],['dotted',1,false,true],['whole_rest',4,true,false],['half_rest',2,true,false],['quarter_rest',1,true,false],['eighth_rest',.5,true,false]];\n for(const [label,value,rest,dot] of kinds)button(controls,label,()=>draw(label,{pitch:'C5',value,rest,dot}));\n for(const tied of [true,false])button(controls,tied?'tied':'untied',()=>draw(tied?'tied':'untied',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,tie:tied},{pitch:'C5',value:1,continueTie:tied}]));\n function draw(label,n){player.stop();const notes=Array.isArray(n)?n:[n];staff(notes);feedback.textContent=t(label);meta.textContent=t('unit');const score=MusicStaff.score(notes);score.beats=4;for(let i=0;i<4;i++)score.events.push({beat:i,hz:1500,duration:.035,gain:.25});currentScore=score;tickAction=b=>highlight(b,notes);}\n draw('quarter',{pitch:'C5',value:1});\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='chord'){\n let root='C4',quality='major',inv=0;\n select(controls,'root',[['C4','C'],['D4','D'],['F4','F']],v=>{root=v;draw();},'root');\n select(controls,'quality',[['major','major'],['minor','minor']],v=>{quality=v;draw();},'quality');\n select(controls,'inversion',[['0','root_position'],['1','first_inversion'],['2','second_inversion']],v=>{inv=+v;draw();},'inversion');\n function draw(){const p=MusicStaff.parse(root),intervals=[0,quality==='major'?4:3,7],pitches=intervals.map((v,i)=>{const step=p.step+i*2,plain=MusicStaff.parse(MusicStaff.fromStep(step));return MusicStaff.fromStep(step,p.midi+v-plain.midi);});for(let i=0;i<inv;i++){const p=MusicStaff.parse(pitches.shift());pitches.push(MusicStaff.fromStep(p.step+7,p.alter));}const ns=[{chord:pitches,value:2}];staff(ns,{labels:false});feedback.textContent=t('root')+': '+root+' · '+t('quality')+': '+t(quality)+' · '+pitches.join(' – ');meta.textContent=t('chord_tip');currentScore=MusicStaff.score(ns);tickAction=b=>highlight(b,ns);}\n draw();\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='form'){\n const initial=PRACTICE.bars===8?['A','A','B','A','A','A′','B','A']:['A','A','B','A'];let order=[...initial],selected=0,melodyOnly=false;\n const material={A:['E4','G4','A4','G4'],'A′':['E4','G4','A4','C5'],B:['C5','B4','G4','D4']};\n const queue=make('div',{class:'mf-queue',id:'bar-queue'});controls.append(queue);\n const sel=select(controls,'material',[['A','A'],['A′','A′'],['B','B']],v=>{order[selected]=v;draw();},'material');\n const label=make('label'),box=make('input',{type:'checkbox',id:'melody-only'});label.append(box,make('span',{},t('melody_only')));controls.append(label);box.onchange=()=>{player.stop();melodyOnly=box.checked;draw();};\n button(controls,'reset',()=>{player.stop();order=[...initial];selected=0;draw();},{id:'reset'});\n button($('#quiz-actions'),'one_bar',()=>play(false),{id:'play-bar'});$('#play').textContent=t('full');$('#play').onclick=()=>play(true);\n function getScore(sequence){const s={bpm:100,beats:sequence.length*4,events:[]};sequence.forEach((name,bar)=>{const ns=material[name].map(note),m=MusicStaff.score(ns,100);s.events.push(...m.events.map(e=>({...e,beat:e.beat+bar*4})));if(!melodyOnly)for(const beat of [0,2])for(const midi of [36,48,52,55])s.events.push({beat:bar*4+beat,hz:440*2**((midi-69)/12),duration:.95,gain:midi===36?.65:.35,wave:'triangle'});});return s;}\n function draw(){queue.replaceChildren();order.forEach((m,i)=>{const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-bar':i,'aria-pressed':String(i===selected)},(i+1)+' · '+m);b.onclick=()=>{player.stop();selected=i;draw();};queue.append(b);});sel.value=order[selected];staff(material[order[selected]].map(note),{meter:'4/4'});feedback.textContent=order.join(' · ');meta.textContent=t('arrange_tip');}\n function play(all){const start=selected,sequence=all?order:[order[selected]];tickAction=beat=>{if(beat<0){highlight(-1,material[order[selected]].map(note));return;}const b=all?Math.min(order.length-1,Math.floor(beat/4)):start;if(b!==selected){selected=b;draw();}highlight(beat%4,material[order[selected]].map(note));};player.play(getScore(sequence));}\n draw();\n}\n","audio":true,"strings":{"accidental":"臨時記号","altered":"臨時記号を含む","anchor_bass":"基準:下から四番目、二つの点に挟まれた線が F3 です。","anchor_treble":"基準:下から二番目の線が G4。隣の線・間へ移るたび、音名を一つ進めます。","answer":"答え:","arrange_tip":"小節を選んで素材を替え、聴きます。譜面は選択した小節を表示し、全体再生中は現在の小節を追います。","assisted":"ヒント使用","bar":"小節","bar_hint":"拍子記号を四分音符の単位に換算し、書かれた音価の合計を小節全体から引きます。","bar_prompt":"この小節を完成させます。空欄に必要な長さを、四分音符の拍数で選んでください。","bar_total":"小節の合計","bass":"ヘ音記号","before":"答えを選び、解説で確かめましょう。","before_check":"答えを選んで確認するか、解説を表示します。","check":"答えを確認","choose_p":"移調は P","choose_q":"移調は Q","chord_tip":"下から上へ和音を読みます。転回形を変えても根音の名前は同じです。","clef":"音部記号","compare_title":"答えを選んでから図を見る","comparison_correct":"P は全音程を保ち、Q は内部の一音を変えています。表示された間隔を確かめましょう。","correct":"正解です。","difficulty":"出題範囲","dotted":"付点四分音符・1½","down":"一つ下の線・間へ","eighth":"八分音符・½","eighth_rest":"八分休符・½","error":"再生できませんでした。再試行するか文章で確認してください。","finished":"終了です。最後の解説を復習するか、新しいラウンドへ進みましょう。","first_inversion":"第一転回形","first_try":"初回で正解","flat":"フラット ♭","full":"全体を再生","half":"二分音符・2","half_rest":"二分休符・2","heading":"五線上で音符を動かす","hint":"位置のヒント","idle":"再生を押すと音が鳴ります。編集すると停止します。","intro":"音部記号を選び、線・間・加線の位置を移動。臨時記号を付けて聴きます。","inversion":"最低音の位置","key_hint":"調号のシャープ一つは、臨時記号で変更されない限り全オクターブの F に効きます。小節線で臨時記号はリセットされますが、調号は残ります。","key_prompt":"調号と臨時記号を使って、示された音を読みます。","ledger":"短い加線で五線を延長します。数え方は五線内と同じです。","major":"長三和音","material":"選んだ小節の素材","melody_only":"旋律だけ","minor":"短三和音","missing":"不足分","mixed":"両方の音部記号","natural":"ナチュラル ♮","next":"次の問題","one_bar":"選んだ小節を再生","plain":"幹音","play":"再生","playing":"再生中…","position":"最下線からの段数(隣の線・間へ一つで 1):","pulse":"基準パルス","quality":"種類","quarter":"四分音符・1","quarter_rest":"四分休符・1","question":"オクターブと臨時記号も含めて読み、確認する前に答えを選びます。","reset":"最初の配置に戻す","rest":"休符","restart":"新しいラウンド","reveal":"解説を見る","root":"根音","root_position":"基本形","round":"進行","second_inversion":"第二転回形","sharp":"シャープ ♯","staff_description":"五線譜。譜面を見られない場合は位置の説明を使えます。","starting":"音声を準備中…","stop":"停止","symbols":"音符と休符の音価","target_note":"読む音の番号:","tied":"タイで結ぶ四分音符二つ・2","treble":"ト音記号","unit":"完全な小節ではなく記号の抜粋です。音価は四分音符の単位。試聴は四拍で、休符でも控えめなパルスが続きます。","untied":"別々の四分音符二つ・1 + 1","up":"一つ上の線・間へ","volume":"音量","whole":"全音符・4","whole_rest":"全休符・ここでは 4","written":"記載済み","wrong":"まだ違います。選んだ答えと解説を比べましょう。"}}
ト音記号の下へ進むと、中央のド C4 に着きます。下の第一加線上の音です。D4 はその加線と最下線の間にあります。ヘ音記号で同じ C4 を書くと、上の第一加線上になります。違う場所に書かれても、鳴る高さは同じです。
加線は既存の並びの延長で、新しい音名の仕組みではありません。ト音記号の下の C4 と、ヘ音記号の上の C4 は、二つをつなぐ基準です。ピアノの大譜表はこの二種類を組み合わせますが、すべての楽器が両方を使うわけではありません。
臨時記号は符頭を動かさず音高を変える
臨時記号は音符の左側に置きます。♯ は半音上げ、♭ は半音下げ、♮ はシャープやフラットを取り消します。G4 にシャープを加えると、G♯4 は同じ線上のまま高く鳴ります。符頭を A4 の位置へ動かすなら、文字名も変わります。
通常、臨時記号はその小節内の同じ譜表上の音高に効き、別の記号で置き換わるか、小節線でリセットされます。調号は別の背景指示です。音階の回で相互作用を練習します。ここでの単音問題では、すぐ左の記号を読んでください。
本シリーズの調律では C♯ と D♭ は同じ高さに鳴りますが、綴りと譜面の位置は異なります。同じ周波数の別名を答えるのではなく、書かれた音名を読みましょう。
音名を読む練習
ト音・ヘ音・混合から選べます。まず幹音、次に臨時記号を含む問題へ進みます。選択肢はオクターブ番号付きなので、C4 と C5 は区別します。譜面に合う音名を選んでください。
図を準備しています
音名を読む練習知っている線を目印に、隣の線と間を数えます。加線も五線の上下へ同じ並びを続けます。
{"id":"music-staff-quiz","title":"音名を読む練習","summary":"知っている線を目印に、隣の線と間を数えます。加線も五線の上下へ同じ並びを続けます。","height":800,"html":"<h2 data-i18n=\"heading\"></h2>\n<p class=\"mf-intro\" data-i18n=\"intro\"></p>\n<div id=\"controls\" class=\"mf-controls\"></div>\n<div id=\"stats\" class=\"trainer-stats\"></div>\n<div id=\"sheet\"></div>\n<p id=\"feedback\" class=\"mf-feedback\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" data-i18n=\"question\"></p>\n<div id=\"modifiers\" class=\"mf-actions\" role=\"group\" data-i18n-label=\"accidental\" hidden></div>\n<div id=\"answers\" class=\"trainer-keys\" role=\"group\" data-i18n-label=\"pitch_keys\"></div>\n<div class=\"mf-actions\"><button id=\"pause\" data-i18n=\"pause\"></button><button id=\"hint\" data-i18n=\"hint\"></button><button id=\"note-hint\" data-i18n=\"note_hint\"></button></div>\n<p id=\"meta\" class=\"mf-meta\"></p>\n<div class=\"trainer-sound\"><label><input id=\"sound\" type=\"checkbox\"><span data-i18n=\"sound\"></span></label><button id=\"play\" data-i18n=\"play\"></button><button id=\"stop\" data-i18n=\"stop\" disabled></button></div>\n<p id=\"status\" class=\"mf-meta\" role=\"status\" data-i18n=\"idle\"></p>\n<label class=\"mf-volume\"><span data-i18n=\"volume\"></span><input id=\"volume\" type=\"range\" min=\"0\" max=\"100\" value=\"65\"></label>\n","css":"body{padding:24px}h2{font-size:22px;line-height:1.4}p{line-height:1.75}.mf-intro{color:var(--muted);margin:10px 0 18px}.mf-staff{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:270px;color:var(--ink);background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:8px;margin:16px 0}.mf-controls,.mf-actions,.mf-answers{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:14px 0}button,select{min-height:46px;font-size:16px}button{white-space:normal;line-height:1.5}.mf-controls button,.mf-answers button{flex:1 1 64px}.mf-actions button{flex:1 1 110px}label{display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:16px;margin:12px 0}select{max-width:100%;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);border:1px solid var(--rule);padding:8px;border-radius:6px}.mf-feedback{border-left:3px solid var(--accent);padding:12px;background:var(--surface);min-height:3.5em;margin:14px 0;font-size:16px}.mf-meta{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted);margin:10px 0}.mf-staff [data-current=true]{color:var(--accent);filter:drop-shadow(0 0 1px currentColor)}.mf-staff [data-current=true] path{fill:currentColor}.mf-queue{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px}.mf-queue button{min-width:50px}.mf-queue button[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--accent);background:var(--accent-soft)}.mf-score{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.mf-volume{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;font-size:14px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:12px}.mf-volume input{min-width:80px;max-width:180px}.mf-answer-note{color:var(--muted);font-size:14px}button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--accent-soft);border-color:var(--accent)}[hidden]{display:none!important}@media(max-width:420px){body{padding:20px 14px}h2{font-size:20px}.mf-controls button{flex-basis:75px}}\n\n.mf-answers button{border:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--surface);border-radius:8px;min-height:52px;padding:10px 14px;cursor:pointer}.mf-answers button:not(:disabled):hover{border-color:var(--accent);background:var(--accent-soft)}.mf-answers button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:3px}.mf-answers button[aria-pressed=true]{border:2px solid var(--accent);background:var(--accent-soft);font-weight:600}.mf-answers button:disabled{cursor:default}\n.trainer-stats{display:flex;gap:10px;justify-content:space-between;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.trainer-stats strong{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-size:21px}.trainer-keys{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(7,minmax(0,1fr));gap:8px;min-height:112px}.trainer-keys button{width:100%;min-width:44px;margin:0;font-size:18px;border:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--surface);border-radius:8px;min-height:52px;padding:8px 2px;cursor:pointer;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.trainer-keys button:hover{background:var(--accent-soft);border-color:var(--accent)}button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:2px}.trainer-keys button[data-result=correct]{background:var(--accent-soft);border:2px solid var(--accent);font-weight:700}.trainer-keys button[data-result=wrong]{border:2px dashed var(--ink)}.trainer-keys button[aria-disabled=true]{cursor:default}.trainer-sound{display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.trainer-sound button{padding:6px 12px}.trainer-sound label{margin-right:auto}.mf-staff{max-height:210px;margin:10px 0}.mf-feedback{min-height:3em;margin:10px 0;padding:8px 12px}.mf-controls{margin:8px 0;gap:8px 16px}.mf-controls label{display:block;font-size:13px;margin:0;flex:1 1 130px}.mf-controls select{display:block;width:100%;margin-top:4px;font-size:14px}.mf-meta{min-height:1.5em}.mf-intro{margin-bottom:12px}.mf-actions{margin:10px 0}body[data-phase=paused] #sheet{opacity:.45}@media(max-width:480px){.trainer-keys{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));min-height:172px}.trainer-stats{font-size:12px}.mf-staff{max-height:185px}.mf-actions button{flex-basis:90px;font-size:14px}.mf-intro{font-size:14px}}\n","js":"const GLYPHS = {\"treble\":\"M376 415C374 427 376 428 382 434C398 449 419 470 438 491C522 583 572 702 572 815C572 902 548 988 507 1048C492 1070 466 1098 455 1098C441 1098 410 1072 390 1050C316 968 292 843 292 739C292 681 299 616 306 575C308 563 309 561 297 551C233 498 164 437 112 373C43 287 0 194 0 87C0 -87 119 -252 364 -252C387 -252 413 -250 433 -246C444 -244 446 -243 448 -255C460 -322 475 -409 475 -456C475 -604 375 -622 316 -622C262 -622 236 -606 236 -593C236 -586 245 -583 268 -576C299 -567 335 -540 335 -482C335 -427 300 -380 239 -380C172 -380 132 -433 132 -495C132 -560 171 -658 322 -658C389 -658 519 -628 519 -458C519 -401 501 -306 490 -244C488 -232 489 -233 503 -227C604 -187 671 -102 671 11C671 139 577 252 430 252C404 252 404 252 401 270ZM470 943C503 943 530 916 530 861C530 792 497 728 419 650C403 634 379 611 356 591C349 585 345 586 343 599C339 625 337 659 337 691C337 847 409 943 470 943ZM361 262C364 243 364 244 346 238C258 208 201 129 201 44C201 -46 248 -110 316 -133C324 -136 336 -139 343 -139C351 -139 355 -134 355 -128C355 -121 347 -118 340 -115C298 -97 268 -54 268 -8C268 49 307 92 368 109C384 113 386 112 388 101L438 -197C440 -208 439 -208 424 -211C408 -214 388 -216 368 -216C193 -216 80 -119 80 20C80 79 90 158 173 252C233 319 279 356 326 394C336 402 338 401 340 390ZM430 103C428 115 429 118 441 117C522 110 589 42 589 -46C589 -109 551 -160 495 -188C483 -194 481 -194 479 -182Z\",\"bass\":\"M252 262C78 262 0 135 0 39C0 -41 42 -110 123 -110C186 -110 229 -66 229 -4C229 60 182 100 133 100C106 100 96 93 83 93C70 93 67 101 67 111C67 151 127 224 229 224C335 224 381 120 381 -37C381 -140 359 -260 297 -356C237 -449 134 -534 10 -605C1 -610 -5 -615 -5 -623C-5 -629 -1 -635 8 -635C13 -635 19 -633 25 -630C158 -565 286 -489 392 -375C479 -281 531 -159 531 -28C531 146 425 262 252 262ZM629 180C598 180 574 156 574 125C574 94 598 70 629 70C660 70 684 94 684 125C684 156 660 180 629 180ZM630 -71C599 -71 576 -94 576 -125C576 -156 599 -179 630 -179C661 -179 684 -156 684 -125C684 -94 661 -71 630 -71Z\",\"black\":\"M97 -125C186 -125 295 -43 295 42C295 93 255 125 198 125C88 125 0 44 0 -42C0 -94 43 -125 97 -125Z\",\"half\":\"M97 -125C262 -125 295 9 295 42C295 93 254 125 196 125C47 125 0 10 0 -42C0 -95 42 -125 97 -125ZM173 -46C128 -76 97 -87 75 -87C54 -87 42 -76 35 -64C32 -58 29 -51 29 -44C29 -22 51 5 120 45C170 74 201 84 221 84C240 84 251 75 258 63C261 57 264 51 264 44C264 24 243 0 173 -46Z\",\"whole\":\"M216 125C83 125 0 70 0 2C0 -65 57 -125 206 -125C370 -125 422 -68 422 2C422 73 309 125 216 125ZM111 63C122 98 159 103 190 103C259 103 314 29 314 -31C314 -38 313 -44 312 -50C307 -75 293 -92 268 -98C258 -101 247 -102 237 -102C228 -102 220 -101 211 -98C194 -93 178 -84 164 -72C156 -65 149 -58 143 -50C123 -27 108 7 108 39C108 47 109 55 111 63Z\",\"flag\":\"M238 -790C238 -790 264 -695 264 -617C264 -492 212 -374 149 -274C98 -195 56 -109 40 -13C37 3 29 9 19 9C8 9 0 6 0 -6V-245C66 -257 161 -393 197 -478C212 -512 221 -569 221 -628C221 -673 214 -720 197 -765C195 -771 194 -776 194 -780C194 -796 204 -805 210 -809C211 -810 213 -810 215 -810C222 -810 234 -804 238 -790Z\",\"quarterRest\":\"M78 -38C94 -58 108 -77 121 -98C123 -102 127 -110 127 -112C127 -113 127 -115 126 -116C124 -120 120 -121 115 -121C111 -121 103 -119 99 -118C94 -118 88 -115 83 -115C40 -115 1 -158 1 -211C1 -261 44 -310 117 -366C125 -372 135 -375 143 -375C150 -375 157 -373 158 -369C159 -366 160 -364 160 -362C160 -353 152 -345 144 -338C131 -338 120 -311 118 -302C115 -294 114 -285 114 -276C114 -245 129 -210 161 -204C166 -203 171 -203 177 -203C206 -203 239 -214 255 -220C256 -220 257 -221 258 -221C261 -222 263 -222 265 -222C268 -222 270 -221 270 -218C270 -206 244 -173 233 -161C195 -115 164 -78 164 -22C164 -18 165 -13 165 -9C169 49 205 97 231 138C234 143 235 148 235 153C235 163 231 172 231 172C231 172 83 348 66 365C61 370 54 373 48 373C38 373 28 366 28 352C28 347 29 342 32 336C36 325 93 274 93 202C93 165 78 122 33 75C23 65 19 54 19 46C19 32 29 22 29 22Z\",\"eighthRest\":\"M134 107C134 144 104 174 67 174C30 174 0 144 0 107C0 86 12 68 27 56C36 50 45 45 55 43C63 41 72 39 81 39C95 39 109 42 120 46C134 50 143 54 156 61C158 62 160 62 161 62C165 62 166 58 166 53C166 50 166 46 165 42C162 27 90 -172 72 -238C72 -250 95 -251 101 -251C112 -251 126 -249 136 -241C139 -239 237 112 237 112C241 130 246 146 247 151C247 161 237 166 235 167C233 167 230 167 224 163C217 157 167 97 134 97Z\",\"halfRest\":\"M282 24V116C282 131 270 142 256 142H26C11 142 0 131 0 116V24C0 10 11 -2 26 -2H256C270 -2 282 10 282 24Z\",\"wholeRest\":\"M282 -109V-17C282 -2 270 9 256 9H26C11 9 0 -2 0 -17V-109C0 -123 11 -135 26 -135H256C270 -135 282 -123 282 -109Z\",\"sharp\":\"M237 118C244 121 249 129 249 135V206C249 211 246 214 242 214C240 214 239 214 237 213C237 213 217 205 212 204C205 204 198 209 198 217V339C198 345 192 350 184 350C174 350 168 345 168 339V209C167 199 164 186 155 180C143 173 109 159 92 155C83 155 80 167 80 175V295C80 301 73 306 66 306C56 306 50 301 50 295V160C50 146 44 136 38 133C32 130 12 122 12 122C5 120 0 112 0 106V35C0 29 3 26 8 26C9 26 11 27 12 27C12 27 27 33 34 37C35 37 36 38 37 38C44 38 50 28 50 20V-79C50 -90 45 -99 39 -102C33 -104 12 -113 12 -113C5 -115 0 -123 0 -129V-200C0 -206 3 -209 8 -209C9 -209 11 -208 12 -208C12 -208 26 -202 35 -199C36 -198 37 -198 38 -198C45 -198 50 -209 50 -214V-337C50 -343 56 -348 63 -348C73 -348 80 -343 80 -337V-198C80 -185 85 -178 90 -176L151 -151C152 -151 154 -150 155 -150C163 -150 168 -162 168 -168V-293C168 -299 174 -304 181 -304C192 -304 198 -299 198 -293V-151C198 -143 202 -131 209 -128C216 -125 237 -117 237 -117C244 -114 249 -106 249 -100V-29C249 -24 246 -21 242 -21C240 -21 239 -21 237 -22L211 -32C205 -32 198 -26 198 -14V79C198 86 203 105 211 108ZM168 -45C162 -65 115 -85 92 -85C86 -85 81 -83 80 -80C78 -76 77 -54 77 -30C77 1 78 36 80 44C82 61 128 82 153 82C160 82 166 80 168 76C170 71 172 46 172 19C172 -8 170 -36 168 -45Z\",\"flat\":\"M12 -170C15 -174 18 -175 21 -175C24 -175 27 -173 27 -173C57 -156 81 -129 106 -112C195 -50 226 11 226 57C226 114 182 150 136 153C129 153 122 152 115 150C104 147 92 143 81 136C75 131 64 122 59 122C57 122 56 122 54 123C47 126 43 133 43 140C44 162 50 402 50 422C50 433 41 439 31 439C17 439 1 429 0 411C0 411 4 -160 12 -170ZM47 -81C47 -81 44 -21 44 19C44 35 45 47 46 51C50 63 76 85 90 93C99 98 108 100 116 100C126 100 135 96 141 89C151 78 157 61 157 42C157 24 152 3 140 -18C127 -42 98 -74 68 -93C64 -95 61 -96 58 -96C49 -96 47 -86 47 -81Z\",\"natural\":\"M141 181C139 181 138 180 137 180C137 180 73 157 47 157C41 157 37 158 37 162V329C37 336 31 341 25 341H12C5 341 0 336 0 329V-186C0 -192 3 -195 8 -195C9 -195 11 -194 12 -194C12 -194 14 -194 15 -193C29 -187 85 -163 114 -163C124 -163 131 -166 131 -174V-323C131 -330 136 -335 143 -335H156C162 -335 168 -330 168 -323V179C168 184 164 187 160 187C159 187 157 187 156 186ZM37 39C37 53 98 79 122 79C128 79 131 78 131 74V-29C131 -47 74 -70 49 -70C42 -70 37 -68 37 -64Z\",\"flagDown\":\"M240 760C254 718 261 668 261 623C261 564 236 480 221 446C184 362 134 281 0 236V1C0 -9 8 -14 16 -14C25 -14 38 -8 40 8C57 103 131 190 182 269C245 368 306 487 306 612C306 690 286 761 278 793C275 804 269 808 262 808C250 808 237 796 237 777C237 772 238 766 240 760Z\"};\n// Small SVG engraver for the deliberately limited notation taught in this course.\n// Bravura outlines: Steinberg, SIL OFL 1.1; see engraving/OFL.txt.\nconst MusicStaff=(()=>{\n const ns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',letters=['C','D','E','F','G','A','B'],pcs=[0,2,4,5,7,9,11];\n const el=(tag,attrs={})=>{const n=document.createElementNS(ns,tag);for(const [k,v] of Object.entries(attrs))n.setAttribute(k,v);return n;};\n const parse=p=>{const m=p.match(/^([A-G])([♯♭♮]?)([0-8])$/);if(!m)throw Error('invalid written pitch');const letter=letters.indexOf(m[1]),oct=+m[3],alter=m[2]==='♯'?1:m[2]==='♭'?-1:0;return {step:oct*7+letter,midi:(oct+1)*12+pcs[letter]+alter,alter,sign:m[2],name:p};};\n const fromStep=(step,alter=0)=>letters[((step%7)+7)%7]+(alter>0?'♯':alter<0?'♭':'')+Math.floor(step/7);\n const fromMidi=(m,flat=false)=>{const names=flat?['C','D♭','D','E♭','E','F','G♭','G','A♭','A','B♭','B']:['C','C♯','D','D♯','E','F','F♯','G','G♯','A','A♯','B'];return names[m%12]+(Math.floor(m/12)-1);};\n function glyph(parent,name,x,y,gap){parent.append(el('path',{d:GLYPHS[name],transform:`translate(${x} ${y}) scale(${gap/250} ${-gap/250})`,fill:'currentColor'}));}\n function render({clef='treble',notes=[],meter=null,key=null,labels=false,small=false,answerLabel='',barEnds=[]}={}){\n const gap=small?12:16,bottom=small?92:114,width=Math.max(300,Math.min(660,110+notes.length*66)),height=small?158:196;\n const svg=el('svg',{viewBox:`0 0 ${width} ${height}`,class:'mf-staff',role:'img','aria-label':answerLabel||viz.t('staff_description')});\n const line=(x1,y1,x2,y2,w=1)=>svg.append(el('line',{x1,y1,x2,y2,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':w,opacity:.7}));\n for(let i=0;i<5;i++)line(12,bottom-i*gap,width-12,bottom-i*gap);\n glyph(svg,clef,24,clef==='treble'?bottom-gap:bottom-3*gap,gap);\n let left=80;\n if(key==='G'){glyph(svg,'sharp',left,bottom-4*gap,gap);left+=32;}\n if(meter){const [n,d]=meter.split('/');for(const [v,y] of [[n,bottom-2.65*gap],[d,bottom-.7*gap]]){const t=el('text',{x:left,y,'font-size':gap*1.9,'font-weight':700,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});t.textContent=v;svg.append(t);}left+=30;}\n const base=clef==='treble'?30:18,positions=[];\n notes.forEach((n,i)=>{\n const x=left+(i+.5)*(width-24-left)/Math.max(1,notes.length),group=el('g',{'data-note-index':i});svg.append(group);positions.push(x);\n if(n.blank){group.append(el('rect',{x:x-11,y:bottom-2*gap-13,width:22,height:26,fill:'var(--paper)',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-dasharray':'3 2'}));}\n else if(n.rest){glyph(group,({4:'wholeRest',2:'halfRest',1:'quarterRest','0.5':'eighthRest'})[n.value]||'quarterRest',x-6,bottom-(n.value===4?3:2)*gap,gap);}\n else{\n const pitches=n.chord||[n.pitch];\n for(const pitch of pitches){const p=parse(pitch),pos=p.step-base,y=bottom-pos*gap/2;\n for(let k=-2;k>=pos;k-=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n for(let k=10;k<=pos;k+=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n glyph(group,n.value===4?'whole':n.value===2?'half':'black',x-gap*.59,y,gap);\n if(p.sign)glyph(group,p.sign==='♯'?'sharp':p.sign==='♭'?'flat':'natural',x-gap*1.7,y,gap);\n if(n.dot)group.append(el('circle',{cx:x+gap*.95,cy:y-(pos%2===0?gap/2:0),r:gap*.13,fill:'currentColor'}));\n }\n const ps=pitches.map(parse).map(p=>p.step-base),highest=Math.max(...ps),lowest=Math.min(...ps),down=(highest+lowest)/2>=4;\n if(n.value!==4){const stemx=x+(down?-gap*.55:gap*.55),from=bottom-(down?highest:lowest)*gap/2,to=bottom-(down?lowest:highest)*gap/2+(down?gap*3.5:-gap*3.5);group.append(el('line',{x1:stemx,x2:stemx,y1:from,y2:to,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));\n if(n.value===.5){glyph(group,down?'flagDown':'flag',stemx,to,gap);}\n }\n }\n if(labels){const text=el('text',{x,y:height-15,'font-size':14,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});text.textContent=n.rest?viz.t('rest'):(n.chord||[n.pitch]).join(' ');svg.append(text);}\n if(n.barAfter||barEnds.includes(i))line(x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom,x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom-4*gap,1.5);\n });\n for(let i=0;i<notes.length-1;i++)if(notes[i].tie){const x=positions[i],x2=positions[i+1],pos=parse(notes[i].pitch).step-base,direction=pos>=4?-1:1,y=bottom-pos*gap/2+direction*gap;svg.append(el('path',{d:`M ${x} ${y} Q ${(x+x2)/2} ${y+direction*gap} ${x2} ${y}`,fill:'none',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));}\n line(width-12,bottom,width-12,bottom-4*gap,1.5);return svg;\n }\n function score(notes,bpm=90){let beat=0;const events=[];notes.forEach(n=>{const length=n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);if(!n.rest){if(n.continueTie){const last=events[events.length-1];last.duration+=length*60/bpm;}else for(const p of n.chord||[n.pitch])events.push({beat,hz:440*2**((parse(p).midi-69)/12),duration:length*60/bpm*.94,gain:.8,wave:'triangle',hold:true});}beat+=length;});return {bpm,beats:beat,events};}\n return {render,parse,fromStep,fromMidi,score};\n})();\n\nconst PRACTICE = {\"kind\": \"pitchTrainer\"};\nconst $=s=>document.querySelector(s),t=viz.t;\nfunction make(tag,attrs={},text=''){const e=document.createElement(tag);for(const [k,v]of Object.entries(attrs))e.setAttribute(k,v);e.textContent=text;return e;}\nconst shuffle=a=>{a=[...a];for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}return a;};\nlet mode='treble',ledger=false,altered=false,modifier=0,deck=[],reviews=[],current=null,serial=0;\nlet phase='asking',paused=false,assisted=false,mistaken=false,completed=0,firstTry=0,streak=0;\nconst player=viz.audio({onState(s){document.body.dataset.audioState=s;$('#stop').disabled=s==='idle';$('#status').textContent=t(s==='idle'?'idle':s==='starting'?'starting':'playing');},onError(){ $('#status').textContent=t('error'); }});\nconst advance=viz.playback({delay:500,canAdvance:()=>phase==='correct'&&!paused,advance:next,onChange(running){if(!running&&phase==='correct'){paused=true;updateState();}}});\nfunction bounds(clef){return clef==='treble'?(ledger?[28,39]:[30,38]):(ledger?[16,28]:[18,26]);}\nfunction identity(q){return q.clef+':'+q.pitch;}\nfunction bank(){const qs=[];for(const clef of mode==='mixed'?['treble','bass']:[mode]){const [lo,hi]=bounds(clef);for(let step=lo;step<=hi;step++)for(const alter of altered?[-1,0,1]:[0])qs.push({clef,step,alter,pitch:MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter)});}return shuffle(qs);}\nfunction pick(){\n const previous=current&&identity(current);\n const due=reviews.findIndex(r=>r.due<=serial&&identity(r.q)!==previous);\n if(due>=0)return reviews.splice(due,1)[0].q;\n if(!deck.length)deck=bank();\n const i=deck.findIndex(q=>identity(q)!==previous);\n return deck.splice(i<0?0:i,1)[0];\n}\nfunction review(){if(!reviews.some(r=>identity(r.q)===identity(current)))reviews.push({q:{...current},due:serial+3});}\nfunction select(key,id,items,change){const label=make('label',{},t(key)),s=make('select',{id});for(const [value,text]of items)s.append(make('option',{value},t(text)));s.onchange=()=>{change(s.value);reset();};label.append(s);$('#controls').append(label);}\nselect('clef','clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass'],['mixed','mixed']],v=>mode=v);\nselect('range','range',[['staff','staff_only'],['ledger','ledger_range']],v=>ledger=v==='ledger');\nselect('difficulty','difficulty',[['plain','plain'],['altered','altered']],v=>altered=v==='altered');\nfor(const [value,key,symbol]of [[-1,'flat','♭'],[0,'natural','♮'],[1,'sharp','♯']]){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-modifier':value,'aria-label':t(key)},symbol);b.onclick=()=>{if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;modifier=value;updateKeys();};$('#modifiers').append(b);}\nfunction stats(){const row=$('#stats');row.replaceChildren();for(const [key,value]of [['read_count',completed],['accuracy',completed?Math.round(firstTry/completed*100)+'%':'—'],['streak',streak]]){const item=make('span',{},t(key));item.append(make('strong',{'data-stat':key},String(value)));row.append(item);}}\nfunction updateState(){document.body.dataset.phase=paused?'paused':phase;$('#pause').textContent=t(paused?'resume':'pause');$('#pause').setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(paused));for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-answer],[data-modifier]'))b.setAttribute('aria-disabled',String(paused||phase!=='asking'));$('#hint').disabled=$('#note-hint').disabled=paused||phase!=='asking';$('#play').disabled=paused;}\nfunction updateKeys(){for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-pitch-step]')){const pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(+b.dataset.pitchStep,modifier);b.dataset.answer=pitch;b.textContent=pitch;delete b.dataset.result;}for(const b of document.querySelectorAll('[data-modifier]'))b.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(+b.dataset.modifier===modifier));}\nfunction drawKeys(){\n const row=$('#answers'),[lo,hi]=bounds(current.clef),focused=document.activeElement?.dataset.pitchStep;\n // Keep the same buttons while practising a clef, including keyboard focus.\n if(row.dataset.bounds!==lo+':'+hi){row.replaceChildren();for(let step=lo;step<=hi;step++){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-pitch-step':step});b.onclick=()=>answer(b);row.append(b);}row.dataset.bounds=lo+':'+hi;if(focused)row.querySelector(`[data-pitch-step=\"${Math.max(lo,Math.min(hi,+focused))}\"]`)?.focus({preventScroll:true});}\n updateKeys();\n}\nfunction next(){\n phase='asking';current=pick();serial++;assisted=false;mistaken=false;modifier=0;\n $('#sheet').replaceChildren(MusicStaff.render({clef:current.clef,notes:[{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}]}));\n $('#feedback').textContent=t('question');$('#meta').textContent='';$('#modifiers').hidden=!altered;\n drawKeys();stats();updateState();\n}\nfunction answer(b){\n if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;\n player.stop();\n if(b.dataset.answer!==current.pitch){mistaken=true;streak=0;review();for(const key of document.querySelectorAll('[data-answer]'))delete key.dataset.result;b.dataset.result='wrong';$('#feedback').textContent=t(+b.dataset.pitchStep===current.step?'check_sign':'try_again');stats();return;}\n phase='correct';completed++;if(!mistaken&&!assisted){firstTry++;streak++;}else{streak=0;review();}\n b.dataset.result='correct';$('#feedback').textContent=t('correct')+' '+current.pitch;stats();updateState();\n if($('#sound').checked)player.play(MusicStaff.score([{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}],140));\n advance.play();\n}\nfunction help(showName){if(paused||phase!=='asking')return;assisted=true;streak=0;review();stats();$('#meta').textContent=t('anchor_'+current.clef)+' '+t('position')+' '+(current.step-(current.clef==='treble'?30:18));if(showName)$('#meta').textContent+=' · '+t('answer')+' '+current.pitch;}\n$('#hint').onclick=()=>help(false);$('#note-hint').onclick=()=>help(true);\n$('#pause').onclick=()=>{if(paused){paused=false;if(phase==='correct')next();else{$('#feedback').textContent=t('question');updateState();}}else{paused=true;advance.pause();player.stop();$('#feedback').textContent=t('paused');updateState();}};\n$('#play').onclick=()=>{if(!paused)player.play(MusicStaff.score([{pitch:current.pitch,value:1}]));};\n$('#stop').onclick=()=>player.stop();$('#volume').oninput=e=>player.setVolume(+e.target.value/100);$('#sound').onchange=()=>player.stop();\nfunction reset(){phase='asking';advance.pause();player.stop();deck=[];reviews=[];current=null;serial=completed=firstTry=streak=0;paused=false;next();}\n// Leaving the activity during feedback preserves the solved note until Resume.\n// The host's playback controller cancels its timer when the iframe goes offscreen.\nreset();\n","audio":true,"strings":{"accidental":"臨時記号","accuracy":"初回正答率","altered":"臨時記号を含む","anchor_bass":"基準:下から四番目、二つの点に挟まれた線が F3 です。","anchor_treble":"基準:下から二番目の線が G4。隣の線・間へ移るたび、音名を一つ進めます。","answer":"答え:","arrange_tip":"小節を選んで素材を替え、聴きます。譜面は選択した小節を表示し、全体再生中は現在の小節を追います。","assisted":"ヒント使用","bar":"小節","bar_hint":"拍子記号を四分音符の単位に換算し、書かれた音価の合計を小節全体から引きます。","bar_prompt":"この小節を完成させます。空欄に必要な長さを、四分音符の拍数で選んでください。","bar_total":"小節の合計","bass":"ヘ音記号","before":"答えを選び、解説で確かめましょう。","before_check":"答えを選んで確認するか、解説を表示します。","check":"答えを確認","check_sign":"符頭の横のシャープやフラットを確かめましょう。","choose_p":"移調は P","choose_q":"移調は Q","chord_tip":"下から上へ和音を読みます。転回形を変えても根音の名前は同じです。","clef":"音部記号","compare_title":"答えを選んでから図を見る","comparison_correct":"P は全音程を保ち、Q は内部の一音を変えています。表示された間隔を確かめましょう。","correct":"正解です。","difficulty":"出題範囲","dotted":"付点四分音符・1½","down":"一つ下の線・間へ","eighth":"八分音符・½","eighth_rest":"八分休符・½","error":"再生できませんでした。再試行するか文章で確認してください。","finished":"終了です。最後の解説を復習するか、新しいラウンドへ進みましょう。","first_inversion":"第一転回形","first_try":"初回で正解","flat":"フラット ♭","full":"全体を再生","half":"二分音符・2","half_rest":"二分休符・2","heading":"音名を読む練習","hint":"位置のヒント","idle":"音を有効にするか、再生を押すと音が鳴ります。","intro":"音部記号を見て符頭の位置を探し、音名とオクターブを答えます。シャープやフラットも読みましょう。","inversion":"最低音の位置","key_hint":"調号のシャープ一つは、臨時記号で変更されない限り全オクターブの F に効きます。小節線で臨時記号はリセットされますが、調号は残ります。","key_prompt":"調号と臨時記号を使って、示された音を読みます。","ledger":"短い加線で五線を延長します。数え方は五線内と同じです。","ledger_range":"加線を含む","major":"長三和音","material":"選んだ小節の素材","melody_only":"旋律だけ","minor":"短三和音","missing":"不足分","mixed":"両方の音部記号","natural":"ナチュラル ♮","next":"次の問題","note_hint":"音名を表示","one_bar":"選んだ小節を再生","pause":"一時停止","paused":"一時停止中","pitch_keys":"音名","plain":"幹音","play":"再生","playing":"再生中…","position":"最下線からの段数(隣の線・間へ一つで 1):","pulse":"基準パルス","quality":"種類","quarter":"四分音符・1","quarter_rest":"四分休符・1","question":"音名とオクターブを選びます。","range":"音域","read_count":"読んだ音符","reset":"最初の配置に戻す","rest":"休符","restart":"新しいラウンド","resume":"再開","reveal":"解説を見る","root":"根音","root_position":"基本形","round":"進行","second_inversion":"第二転回形","sharp":"シャープ ♯","sound":"正解時に音を鳴らす","staff_description":"五線譜。譜面を見られない場合は位置の説明を使えます。","staff_only":"五線内","starting":"音声を準備中…","stop":"停止","streak":"連続正解","symbols":"音符と休符の音価","target_note":"読む音の番号:","tied":"タイで結ぶ四分音符二つ・2","treble":"ト音記号","try_again":"もう一度。音部記号、位置、オクターブを確かめましょう。","unit":"完全な小節ではなく記号の抜粋です。音価は四分音符の単位。試聴は四拍で、休符でも控えめなパルスが続きます。","untied":"別々の四分音符二つ・1 + 1","up":"一つ上の線・間へ","volume":"音量","whole":"全音符・4","whole_rest":"全休符・ここでは 4","written":"記載済み","wrong":"まだ違います。選んだ答えと解説を比べましょう。"}}
位置が分からなくなったら、ト音記号の G4、ヘ音記号の F3 に戻って数えましょう。オクターブにも注意します。ト音記号の五線の下の C は C4、第三間の C は C5 です。読譜練習でも続けて練習できます。
紙で解く問題と答え
まず考えてください。(1)ト音記号の第三間、(2)ヘ音記号の第二線、(3)ト音記号の下の第一加線、(4)ト音記号の第三間にシャープ。
答えは C5、B2、C4、C♯5。第三間は第二線 G4 から、間 A4、線 B4、間 C5 と数えられます。シャープは C5 の鳴る高さを変えますが、符頭の間は変えません。
音符の位置は音高を、形は相対的な長さを示します。拍子や音価へ進んでも、最初に音部記号を確認する習慣を保ちましょう。