三つの音を同時に鳴らし、中央の音だけを少し下げます。最高音も最低音も同じなのに、まとまった響きが変わります。内部のどの関係が変化したのでしょう。
長三和音と短三和音は、根音と第五音を共有し、第三音だけが違う形で比べられます。 この回ではその関係を聴き、さらに和音の根音と実際の最低音を区別します。約十分が目安です。前の回で学んだ読譜を使い、和音の音名と綴りを確認しましょう。
重なった音の内側を聴く
「長三和音・同時」と「短三和音・同時」を比べます。最初から感情の名前を付けず、まず違いに気づけるかを確かめましょう。その後、分散版を使って、どの高さが動いたかを探します。
図を準備しています
第三音だけを変えるC4 と G4 は固定。E4 を E♭4 に下げると、根音から第三音までが四半音から三半音になり、第五音までは七半音のままです。
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[...$('#variants').children].forEach((b,i)=>b.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(i===selected)));\n}\nconst player=viz.audio({onState(state){document.body.dataset.audioState=state;$('#play').disabled=state!=='idle';$('#stop').disabled=state==='idle';$('#status').textContent=viz.t(state==='idle'?'idle':state==='starting'?'starting':'playing');},onTick(beat){const fraction=beat<0?0:Math.min(1,beat/variants[selected].score.beats);$('#progress').style.width=(fraction*100)+'%';const cursor=$('#cursor');if(cursor){cursor.setAttribute('x1',12+fraction*516);cursor.setAttribute('x2',12+fraction*516);cursor.setAttribute('visibility',beat<0?'hidden':'visible');}const chips=[...$('#groups').children];chips.forEach((el,i)=>el.classList.toggle('is-current',beat>=0&&i===Math.min(chips.length-1,Math.floor(fraction*chips.length))));},onError(){$('#status').textContent=viz.t('error');}});\nvariants.forEach((v,i)=>{const 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の長三和音と短三和音を同時に鳴らし、次に一音ずつ聴きます。","key":"左から右へ読みます。棒は発音の開始と設定した長さ、上下の重なりは同時発音です。音名と説明でも確認できます。","option0":"長三和音・同時","option1":"短三和音・同時","option2":"長三和音・分散","option3":"短三和音・分散","play":"この版を再生","playing":"再生中。いつでも停止できます。","seconds":"秒","starting":"音声を準備中…","stop":"停止","volume":"音量"}}
長三和音は C–E–G、短三和音は C–E♭–G。どちらも C から G は七半音です。変わるのは C から中央の音までで、E なら四半音、E♭ なら三半音になります。
三和音を三度ずつ積んで並べたとき、構成音を根音、第三音、第五音と呼びます。これは和音の構成音の名前です。「第三音」だから三半音という意味ではありません。長三度は四半音、短三度は三半音です。三和音の導入
| 三和音 | 根音 | 第三音 | 第五音 | 根音からの半音数 |
| C の長三和音 | C | E | G | 0、4、7 |
| C の短三和音 | C | E♭ | G | 0、3、7 |
| F の長三和音 | F | A | C | 0、4、7 |
| F の短三和音 | F | A♭ | C | 0、3、7 |
最初の組で、まず最高音だけを追ってください。G のままです。次に最低音を追うと C のまま。最後に、変わる中央の音へ注意を向けます。全体の響きの変化が、一つの内部関係から生じることを確認する聴き方です。
分散版は同じ三音を三拍に分けて発音するアルペジオ(分散和音)です。発音のタイミングも変わるため、長短は同じ再生方式の中で比べましょう。同時に鳴る長三和音と、分散した短三和音を比べると、二条件が一緒に変わってしまいます。
根音は和音の基準、低音は配置上の位置
最低音をいつも根音と呼びたくなりますが、それが当てはまるのは基本形です。別の構成音を最も低く置くこともできます。
次の三つを再生し、低い順に音名を読みながら最低音を追います。音の種類は C、E、G のままですが、一部は別のオクターブへ移っています。
図を準備しています
根音と最低音は同じとは限らないC4 E4 G4、E4 G4 C5、G3 C4 E4 は、C の長三和音の基本形、第一転回形、第二転回形です。
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panel=document.createElement('div');panel.className='mf-actions';panel.id='blind-answers';\n const result=document.createElement('p');result.className='mf-facts';result.id='blind-feedback';result.setAttribute('role','status');result.textContent=viz.t('before');\n for(const [key,correct]of [['choose_p',true],['choose_q',false],['reveal',null]]){const b=document.createElement('button');b.type='button';b.textContent=viz.t(key);b.dataset.blindAnswer=key;b.onclick=()=>{player.stop();quizRevealed=true;visibility();result.textContent=(correct===null?'':viz.t(correct?'correct':'wrong')+' ')+viz.t('comparison_correct');};panel.append(b);}\n $('#variants').after(panel,result);\n}\n","audio":true,"strings":{"axis":"時間 →・上ほど高い音","choose":"版を選ぶ","clip":"全長:","envelope":"時間に対する振幅 →(1.4 秒)。ピークまで上がり、その後減衰します。立ち上がりに使う時間を比べましょう。","error":"音声を開始できませんでした。再試行するか、図と文章で確認してください。","fact0":"根音 C、最低音 C。基本形です。","fact1":"根音 C、最低音 E。第一転回形。C を一オクターブ上げても E の長三和音にはなりません。","fact2":"根音 C、最低音 G。第二転回形。音の種類は C、E、G 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C が最低音なら基本形、E なら第一転回形、G なら第二転回形です。どれも根音は C。ただし音域、間隔、最低音が変わるので、同じ印象になる必要はありません。
C/E というコード記号は「E を低音とする C の長三和音」を表します。C の音の後に E の和音を弾く意味ではありません。転回形を使えば、和音の種類を保ちながら低音の線を滑らかに動かせることがあります。
感情のラベルではなく、構造を応用する
新しい確認を二つします。まず F–A–C の根音と第五音を保ったまま、短三和音にしてください。次に、低い順の A–C–F の根音と最低音を答えましょう。
音名と転回形の答えを見る
F の短三和音にするには A を A♭ に下げます。F と C は固定です。F からの間隔は 0、3、7 半音になります。
A–C–F は F の長三和音で、最低音が A、根音は F。第一転回形です。A が下にあるからといって A の短三和音にはなりません。A の短三和音は A、C、E で、F は含まれないからです。
長調は楽しく、短調は悲しいという意味?
一部の聴取文脈でよくある連想ですが、定義ではありません。テンポ、リズム、音域、奏法、歌詞、期待が印象に関わります。速い短調は活発に、遅い長調は切なく聞こえることもあります。音程構造なら、感情の言葉が異なっても確かめられます。
減三和音や増三和音、三種類を超える音を含む和音もあります。今回は次の実験に必要な二つに集中しており、すべての和声を長短だけに分類するわけではありません。
自分で作り、重なった音を読む
前に学んだ読譜を使いましょう。基本形の三和音は音名を一つおきに重ねます。F の長三和音を選び、短三和音にだけ変え、さらに第三音を最低音にします。再生前に、音名と最低音を予想してください。
図を準備しています
三和音を作って読む根音・第三音・第五音を五線に正しく綴ります。長三和音は 0/4/7 半音、短三和音は 0/3/7。転回形は和音の種類を保ち、最低音を変えます。
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-14V79C198 86 203 105 211 108ZM168 -45C162 -65 115 -85 92 -85C86 -85 81 -83 80 -80C78 -76 77 -54 77 -30C77 1 78 36 80 44C82 61 128 82 153 82C160 82 166 80 168 76C170 71 172 46 172 19C172 -8 170 -36 168 -45Z\",\"flat\":\"M12 -170C15 -174 18 -175 21 -175C24 -175 27 -173 27 -173C57 -156 81 -129 106 -112C195 -50 226 11 226 57C226 114 182 150 136 153C129 153 122 152 115 150C104 147 92 143 81 136C75 131 64 122 59 122C57 122 56 122 54 123C47 126 43 133 43 140C44 162 50 402 50 422C50 433 41 439 31 439C17 439 1 429 0 411C0 411 4 -160 12 -170ZM47 -81C47 -81 44 -21 44 19C44 35 45 47 46 51C50 63 76 85 90 93C99 98 108 100 116 100C126 100 135 96 141 89C151 78 157 61 157 42C157 24 152 3 140 -18C127 -42 98 -74 68 -93C64 -95 61 -96 58 -96C49 -96 47 -86 47 -81Z\",\"natural\":\"M141 181C139 181 138 180 137 180C137 180 73 157 47 157C41 157 37 158 37 162V329C37 336 31 341 25 341H12C5 341 0 336 0 329V-186C0 -192 3 -195 8 -195C9 -195 11 -194 12 -194C12 -194 14 -194 15 -193C29 -187 85 -163 114 -163C124 -163 131 -166 131 -174V-323C131 -330 136 -335 143 -335H156C162 -335 168 -330 168 -323V179C168 184 164 187 160 187C159 187 157 187 156 186ZM37 39C37 53 98 79 122 79C128 79 131 78 131 74V-29C131 -47 74 -70 49 -70C42 -70 37 -68 37 -64Z\",\"flagDown\":\"M240 760C254 718 261 668 261 623C261 564 236 480 221 446C184 362 134 281 0 236V1C0 -9 8 -14 16 -14C25 -14 38 -8 40 8C57 103 131 190 182 269C245 368 306 487 306 612C306 690 286 761 278 793C275 804 269 808 262 808C250 808 237 796 237 777C237 772 238 766 240 760Z\"};\n// Small SVG engraver for the deliberately limited notation taught in this course.\n// Bravura outlines: Steinberg, SIL OFL 1.1; see engraving/OFL.txt.\nconst MusicStaff=(()=>{\n const ns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',letters=['C','D','E','F','G','A','B'],pcs=[0,2,4,5,7,9,11];\n const el=(tag,attrs={})=>{const n=document.createElementNS(ns,tag);for(const [k,v] of Object.entries(attrs))n.setAttribute(k,v);return n;};\n const parse=p=>{const m=p.match(/^([A-G])([♯♭♮]?)([0-8])$/);if(!m)throw Error('invalid written pitch');const letter=letters.indexOf(m[1]),oct=+m[3],alter=m[2]==='♯'?1:m[2]==='♭'?-1:0;return {step:oct*7+letter,midi:(oct+1)*12+pcs[letter]+alter,alter,sign:m[2],name:p};};\n const fromStep=(step,alter=0)=>letters[((step%7)+7)%7]+(alter>0?'♯':alter<0?'♭':'')+Math.floor(step/7);\n const fromMidi=(m,flat=false)=>{const names=flat?['C','D♭','D','E♭','E','F','G♭','G','A♭','A','B♭','B']:['C','C♯','D','D♯','E','F','F♯','G','G♯','A','A♯','B'];return names[m%12]+(Math.floor(m/12)-1);};\n function glyph(parent,name,x,y,gap){parent.append(el('path',{d:GLYPHS[name],transform:`translate(${x} ${y}) scale(${gap/250} ${-gap/250})`,fill:'currentColor'}));}\n function render({clef='treble',notes=[],meter=null,key=null,labels=false,small=false,answerLabel='',barEnds=[]}={}){\n const gap=small?12:16,bottom=small?92:114,width=Math.max(300,Math.min(660,110+notes.length*66)),height=small?158:196;\n const svg=el('svg',{viewBox:`0 0 ${width} ${height}`,class:'mf-staff',role:'img','aria-label':answerLabel||viz.t('staff_description')});\n const line=(x1,y1,x2,y2,w=1)=>svg.append(el('line',{x1,y1,x2,y2,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':w,opacity:.7}));\n for(let i=0;i<5;i++)line(12,bottom-i*gap,width-12,bottom-i*gap);\n glyph(svg,clef,24,clef==='treble'?bottom-gap:bottom-3*gap,gap);\n let left=80;\n if(key==='G'){glyph(svg,'sharp',left,bottom-4*gap,gap);left+=32;}\n if(meter){const [n,d]=meter.split('/');for(const [v,y] of [[n,bottom-2.65*gap],[d,bottom-.7*gap]]){const t=el('text',{x:left,y,'font-size':gap*1.9,'font-weight':700,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});t.textContent=v;svg.append(t);}left+=30;}\n const base=clef==='treble'?30:18,positions=[];\n notes.forEach((n,i)=>{\n const x=left+(i+.5)*(width-24-left)/Math.max(1,notes.length),group=el('g',{'data-note-index':i});svg.append(group);positions.push(x);\n if(n.blank){group.append(el('rect',{x:x-11,y:bottom-2*gap-13,width:22,height:26,fill:'var(--paper)',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-dasharray':'3 2'}));}\n else if(n.rest){glyph(group,({4:'wholeRest',2:'halfRest',1:'quarterRest','0.5':'eighthRest'})[n.value]||'quarterRest',x-6,bottom-(n.value===4?3:2)*gap,gap);}\n else{\n const pitches=n.chord||[n.pitch];\n for(const pitch of pitches){const p=parse(pitch),pos=p.step-base,y=bottom-pos*gap/2;\n for(let k=-2;k>=pos;k-=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n for(let k=10;k<=pos;k+=2)line(x-14,bottom-k*gap/2,x+14,bottom-k*gap/2,1.4);\n glyph(group,n.value===4?'whole':n.value===2?'half':'black',x-gap*.59,y,gap);\n if(p.sign)glyph(group,p.sign==='♯'?'sharp':p.sign==='♭'?'flat':'natural',x-gap*1.7,y,gap);\n if(n.dot)group.append(el('circle',{cx:x+gap*.95,cy:y-(pos%2===0?gap/2:0),r:gap*.13,fill:'currentColor'}));\n }\n const ps=pitches.map(parse).map(p=>p.step-base),highest=Math.max(...ps),lowest=Math.min(...ps),down=(highest+lowest)/2>=4;\n if(n.value!==4){const stemx=x+(down?-gap*.55:gap*.55),from=bottom-(down?highest:lowest)*gap/2,to=bottom-(down?lowest:highest)*gap/2+(down?gap*3.5:-gap*3.5);group.append(el('line',{x1:stemx,x2:stemx,y1:from,y2:to,stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));\n if(n.value===.5){glyph(group,down?'flagDown':'flag',stemx,to,gap);}\n }\n }\n if(labels){const text=el('text',{x,y:height-15,'font-size':14,'text-anchor':'middle',fill:'currentColor'});text.textContent=n.rest?viz.t('rest'):(n.chord||[n.pitch]).join(' ');svg.append(text);}\n if(n.barAfter||barEnds.includes(i))line(x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom,x+(width-24-left)/notes.length*.48,bottom-4*gap,1.5);\n });\n for(let i=0;i<notes.length-1;i++)if(notes[i].tie){const x=positions[i],x2=positions[i+1],pos=parse(notes[i].pitch).step-base,direction=pos>=4?-1:1,y=bottom-pos*gap/2+direction*gap;svg.append(el('path',{d:`M ${x} ${y} Q ${(x+x2)/2} ${y+direction*gap} ${x2} ${y}`,fill:'none',stroke:'currentColor','stroke-width':1.5}));}\n line(width-12,bottom,width-12,bottom-4*gap,1.5);return svg;\n }\n function score(notes,bpm=90){let beat=0;const events=[];notes.forEach(n=>{const length=n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);if(!n.rest){if(n.continueTie){const last=events[events.length-1];last.duration+=length*60/bpm;}else for(const p of n.chord||[n.pitch])events.push({beat,hz:440*2**((parse(p).midi-69)/12),duration:length*60/bpm*.94,gain:.8,wave:'triangle',hold:true});}beat+=length;});return {bpm,beats:beat,events};}\n return {render,parse,fromStep,fromMidi,score};\n})();\n\nconst PRACTICE = {\"kind\": \"chord\"};\nconst $=s=>document.querySelector(s),t=viz.t;\nfunction make(tag,attrs={},text=''){const e=document.createElement(tag);for(const [k,v]of Object.entries(attrs))e.setAttribute(k,v);e.textContent=text;return e;}\nfunction button(parent,key,fn,attrs={}){const b=make('button',{type:'button',...attrs},t(key));b.onclick=fn;parent.append(b);return b;}\nfunction select(parent,key,items,fn,id){const label=make('label',{},t(key)),s=make('select',{id});for(const [value,k]of items)s.append(make('option',{value},t(k)));s.onchange=()=>{player.stop();fn(s.value);};label.append(s);parent.append(label);return s;}\nlet tickAction=()=>{},currentScore=null;\nconst player=viz.audio({onState(s){document.body.dataset.audioState=s;$('#status').textContent=t(s==='idle'?'idle':s==='starting'?'starting':'playing');$('#stop').disabled=s==='idle';},onTick:b=>tickAction(b),onError:()=>$('#status').textContent=t('error')});\n$('#stop').onclick=()=>player.stop();$('#volume').oninput=e=>player.setVolume(+e.target.value/100);\n$('#play').onclick=()=>{if(currentScore)player.play(currentScore);};document.body.dataset.audioState='idle';\nconst controls=$('#controls'),answers=$('#answers'),feedback=$('#feedback'),sheet=$('#sheet'),meta=$('#meta');\nconst staff=(notes,extra={})=>{sheet.replaceChildren(MusicStaff.render({notes,...extra}));};\nconst note=pitch=>({pitch,value:1});\nfunction highlight(beat,notes){let at=0;for(const [i,n]of notes.entries()){const end=at+n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1);const g=sheet.querySelector(`[data-note-index=\"${i}\"]`);g?.setAttribute('data-current',String(beat>=at&&beat<end));at=end;}}\nconst shuffle=a=>{a=[...a];for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}return a;};\nif(PRACTICE.kind==='map'){\n let clef='treble',step=32,alter=0;\n select(controls,'clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass']],v=>{clef=v;step=v==='treble'?32:24;draw();},'clef');\n const row=make('div',{class:'mf-controls'});controls.append(row);\n button(row,'down',()=>{player.stop();step=Math.max(clef==='treble'?28:16,step-1);draw();},{id:'pitch-down'});\n button(row,'up',()=>{player.stop();step=Math.min(clef==='treble'?39:28,step+1);draw();},{id:'pitch-up'});\n select(controls,'accidental',[['0','natural'],['1','sharp'],['-1','flat']],v=>{alter=+v;draw();},'accidental');\n function draw(){const pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter),notes=[note(pitch)];staff(notes,{clef,labels:true});feedback.textContent=pitch+' · '+t('position')+' '+(step-(clef==='treble'?30:18));meta.textContent=t('anchor_'+clef)+(step<(clef==='treble'?30:18)||step>(clef==='treble'?38:26)?' '+t('ledger'):'');currentScore=MusicStaff.score(notes);tickAction=b=>highlight(b,notes);}\n draw();\n}else if(['pitchQuiz','rhythmQuiz','keyQuiz'].includes(PRACTICE.kind)){\n let clefMode='treble',altered=false,deck=[],index=0,choice=null,answered=false,usedHint=false,assisted=0,correct=0;\n const stats=make('p',{class:'mf-meta mf-score',id:'round-score'});controls.append(stats);\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){\n select(controls,'clef',[['treble','treble'],['bass','bass'],['mixed','mixed']],v=>{clefMode=v;start();},'clef');\n select(controls,'difficulty',[['plain','plain'],['altered','altered']],v=>{altered=v==='altered';start();},'difficulty');\n }\n const action=make('div',{class:'mf-actions'});$('#quiz-actions').append(action);\n const check=button(action,'check',()=>finish(false),{id:'check',disabled:''});\n const hint=button(action,'hint',()=>{if(!answered)usedHint=true;meta.textContent=hintText();},{id:'hint'});\n const reveal=button(action,'reveal',()=>finish(true),{id:'reveal'});\n const next=button(action,'next',()=>{if(index<deck.length-1){index++;draw();}else{feedback.textContent=t('finished');next.disabled=true;}},{id:'next',disabled:''});\n button(action,'restart',start,{id:'restart'});\n function bank(){\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){\n const clefs=clefMode==='mixed'?['treble','bass']:[clefMode],qs=[];\n for(const clef of clefs)for(let step=clef==='treble'?28:16;step<=(clef==='treble'?39:28);step++){const alter=altered?[0,1,-1][Math.floor(Math.random()*3)]:0,pitch=MusicStaff.fromStep(step,alter);qs.push({clef,step,pitch,answer:pitch,notes:[note(pitch)]});}\n return shuffle(qs).slice(0,12);\n }\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz')return shuffle([\n ['4/4',[note('C5'),{rest:true,value:1},{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],1],\n ['3/4',[note('C5'),note('C5')],1],['4/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:2},note('C5')],1],\n ['3/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],1],\n ['4/4',[{rest:true,value:2}],2],['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},note('C5')],.5],\n ['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{rest:true,value:.5},note('C5')],1],\n ['4/4',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true},note('C5')],1.5],['3/4',[note('C5')],2],\n ['4/4',[{rest:true,value:1}],3],['3/4',[{rest:true,value:.5},note('C5')],1.5],['6/8',[{pitch:'C5',value:.5},{pitch:'C5',value:.5}],2]\n ].map(([meter,notes,missing])=>({meter,notes,missing,answer:String(missing),clef:'treble'})));\n return shuffle([\n {notes:[{pitch:'F4',value:4}],target:0,answer:'F♯4',sounds:['F♯4']},\n {notes:[note('F♮4'),note('F4'),note('G4'),note('A4')],target:1,answer:'F4',sounds:['F4','F4','G4','A4']},\n {notes:[{pitch:'F♮4',value:4,barAfter:true},{pitch:'F4',value:4}],target:1,answer:'F♯4',sounds:['F4','F♯4']},\n {notes:[{pitch:'F5',value:4}],target:0,answer:'F♯5',sounds:['F♯5']}\n ].map(q=>({...q,clef:'treble',key:'G',meter:'4/4'})));\n }\n function start(){player.stop();deck=bank();index=0;correct=0;assisted=0;draw();}\n function hintText(){const q=deck[index];if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz')return t('anchor_'+q.clef)+' '+t('position')+' '+(q.step-(q.clef==='treble'?30:18));return t(PRACTICE.kind==='keyQuiz'?'key_hint':'bar_hint');}\n function draw(){player.stop();choice=null;answered=false;usedHint=false;check.disabled=true;next.disabled=true;reveal.disabled=false;hint.disabled=false;$('#play').disabled=PRACTICE.kind!=='pitchQuiz';feedback.textContent=t(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'?'before':'before_check');meta.textContent=t(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'?'question':PRACTICE.kind==='keyQuiz'?'key_prompt':'bar_prompt');answers.replaceChildren();\n const q=deck[index];let choices;\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz'){const offsets=shuffle([-2,-1,1,2]).slice(0,2),accOther=MusicStaff.parse(q.pitch).alter===0?1:0;choices=shuffle([q.answer,...offsets.map(d=>MusicStaff.fromStep(q.step+d,MusicStaff.parse(q.pitch).alter)),MusicStaff.fromStep(q.step,accOther)]);staff(q.notes,{clef:q.clef});currentScore=MusicStaff.score(q.notes);}\n else if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz'){staff([...q.notes,{blank:true,value:q.missing}],{meter:q.meter});choices=['0.5','1','1.5','2','3','4'];currentScore=null;}\n else{staff(q.notes,{meter:q.meter,key:'G'});sheet.querySelector(`[data-note-index=\"${q.target}\"]`)?.setAttribute('data-current','true');meta.textContent+=' '+t('target_note')+' '+(q.target+1);choices=['F4','F♯4','F5','F♯5'];currentScore=MusicStaff.score(q.notes.map((n,i)=>({...n,pitch:q.sounds[i]})));}\n for(const c of choices){const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-answer':c,'aria-pressed':'false'},c==='0.5'?'½':c==='1.5'?'1½':c);b.onclick=()=>{if(answered)return;choice=c;check.disabled=false;[...answers.children].forEach(x=>x.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(x===b)));};answers.append(b);}\n updateStats();tickAction=b=>highlight(b,q.notes);\n }\n function updateStats(){stats.textContent=t('round')+' '+(index+1)+' / '+deck.length+' · '+t('first_try')+' '+correct+' · '+t('assisted')+' '+assisted;}\n function finish(explicit){if(answered||(!explicit&&choice===null))return;player.stop();answered=true;if(explicit)usedHint=true;if(usedHint)assisted++;if(!usedHint&&choice===deck[index].answer)correct++;const q=deck[index];feedback.textContent=(explicit?'':t(choice===q.answer?'correct':'wrong')+' ')+t('answer')+' '+q.answer+'. '+hintText();\n if(PRACTICE.kind==='rhythmQuiz'){const missing=q.missing===3?{pitch:'C5',value:2,dot:true}:q.missing===1.5?{pitch:'C5',value:1,dot:true}:{pitch:'C5',value:q.missing};const ns=[...q.notes,missing];staff(ns,{meter:q.meter});currentScore=MusicStaff.score(ns);const sum=q.notes.reduce((a,n)=>a+n.value*(n.dot?1.5:1),0);feedback.textContent+=' '+t('bar_total')+' '+(sum+q.missing)+' − '+t('written')+' '+sum+' = '+q.missing;tickAction=b=>highlight(b,ns);}\n else if(PRACTICE.kind==='pitchQuiz')staff(q.notes,{clef:q.clef,labels:true});\n $('#play').disabled=false;check.disabled=true;reveal.disabled=true;hint.disabled=true;next.disabled=false;[...answers.children].forEach(b=>b.disabled=true);updateStats();}\n start();\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='symbols'){\n const kinds=[['whole',4,false,false],['half',2,false,false],['quarter',1,false,false],['eighth',.5,false,false],['dotted',1,false,true],['whole_rest',4,true,false],['half_rest',2,true,false],['quarter_rest',1,true,false],['eighth_rest',.5,true,false]];\n for(const [label,value,rest,dot] of kinds)button(controls,label,()=>draw(label,{pitch:'C5',value,rest,dot}));\n for(const tied of [true,false])button(controls,tied?'tied':'untied',()=>draw(tied?'tied':'untied',[{pitch:'C5',value:1,tie:tied},{pitch:'C5',value:1,continueTie:tied}]));\n function draw(label,n){player.stop();const notes=Array.isArray(n)?n:[n];staff(notes);feedback.textContent=t(label);meta.textContent=t('unit');const score=MusicStaff.score(notes);score.beats=4;for(let i=0;i<4;i++)score.events.push({beat:i,hz:1500,duration:.035,gain:.25});currentScore=score;tickAction=b=>highlight(b,notes);}\n draw('quarter',{pitch:'C5',value:1});\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='chord'){\n let root='C4',quality='major',inv=0;\n select(controls,'root',[['C4','C'],['D4','D'],['F4','F']],v=>{root=v;draw();},'root');\n select(controls,'quality',[['major','major'],['minor','minor']],v=>{quality=v;draw();},'quality');\n select(controls,'inversion',[['0','root_position'],['1','first_inversion'],['2','second_inversion']],v=>{inv=+v;draw();},'inversion');\n function draw(){const p=MusicStaff.parse(root),intervals=[0,quality==='major'?4:3,7],pitches=intervals.map((v,i)=>{const step=p.step+i*2,plain=MusicStaff.parse(MusicStaff.fromStep(step));return MusicStaff.fromStep(step,p.midi+v-plain.midi);});for(let i=0;i<inv;i++){const p=MusicStaff.parse(pitches.shift());pitches.push(MusicStaff.fromStep(p.step+7,p.alter));}const ns=[{chord:pitches,value:2}];staff(ns,{labels:false});feedback.textContent=t('root')+': '+root+' · '+t('quality')+': '+t(quality)+' · '+pitches.join(' – ');meta.textContent=t('chord_tip');currentScore=MusicStaff.score(ns);tickAction=b=>highlight(b,ns);}\n draw();\n}else if(PRACTICE.kind==='form'){\n const initial=PRACTICE.bars===8?['A','A','B','A','A','A′','B','A']:['A','A','B','A'];let order=[...initial],selected=0,melodyOnly=false;\n const material={A:['E4','G4','A4','G4'],'A′':['E4','G4','A4','C5'],B:['C5','B4','G4','D4']};\n const queue=make('div',{class:'mf-queue',id:'bar-queue'});controls.append(queue);\n const sel=select(controls,'material',[['A','A'],['A′','A′'],['B','B']],v=>{order[selected]=v;draw();},'material');\n const label=make('label'),box=make('input',{type:'checkbox',id:'melody-only'});label.append(box,make('span',{},t('melody_only')));controls.append(label);box.onchange=()=>{player.stop();melodyOnly=box.checked;draw();};\n button(controls,'reset',()=>{player.stop();order=[...initial];selected=0;draw();},{id:'reset'});\n button($('#quiz-actions'),'one_bar',()=>play(false),{id:'play-bar'});$('#play').textContent=t('full');$('#play').onclick=()=>play(true);\n function getScore(sequence){const s={bpm:100,beats:sequence.length*4,events:[]};sequence.forEach((name,bar)=>{const ns=material[name].map(note),m=MusicStaff.score(ns,100);s.events.push(...m.events.map(e=>({...e,beat:e.beat+bar*4})));if(!melodyOnly)for(const beat of [0,2])for(const midi of [36,48,52,55])s.events.push({beat:bar*4+beat,hz:440*2**((midi-69)/12),duration:.95,gain:midi===36?.65:.35,wave:'triangle'});});return s;}\n function draw(){queue.replaceChildren();order.forEach((m,i)=>{const b=make('button',{type:'button','data-bar':i,'aria-pressed':String(i===selected)},(i+1)+' · '+m);b.onclick=()=>{player.stop();selected=i;draw();};queue.append(b);});sel.value=order[selected];staff(material[order[selected]].map(note),{meter:'4/4'});feedback.textContent=order.join(' · ');meta.textContent=t('arrange_tip');}\n function play(all){const start=selected,sequence=all?order:[order[selected]];tickAction=beat=>{if(beat<0){highlight(-1,material[order[selected]].map(note));return;}const b=all?Math.min(order.length-1,Math.floor(beat/4)):start;if(b!==selected){selected=b;draw();}highlight(beat%4,material[order[selected]].map(note));};player.play(getScore(sequence));}\n draw();\n}\n","audio":true,"strings":{"accidental":"臨時記号","altered":"臨時記号を含む","anchor_bass":"基準:下から四番目、二つの点に挟まれた線が F3 です。","anchor_treble":"基準:下から二番目の線が G4。隣の線・間へ移るたび、音名を一つ進めます。","answer":"答え:","arrange_tip":"小節を選んで素材を替え、聴きます。譜面は選択した小節を表示し、全体再生中は現在の小節を追います。","assisted":"ヒント使用","bar":"小節","bar_hint":"拍子記号を四分音符の単位に換算し、書かれた音価の合計を小節全体から引きます。","bar_prompt":"この小節を完成させます。空欄に必要な長さを、四分音符の拍数で選んでください。","bar_total":"小節の合計","bass":"ヘ音記号","before":"答えを選び、解説で確かめましょう。","before_check":"答えを選んで確認するか、解説を表示します。","check":"答えを確認","choose_p":"移調は P","choose_q":"移調は Q","chord_tip":"下から上へ和音を読みます。転回形を変えても根音の名前は同じです。","clef":"音部記号","compare_title":"答えを選んでから図を見る","comparison_correct":"P は全音程を保ち、Q は内部の一音を変えています。表示された間隔を確かめましょう。","correct":"正解です。","difficulty":"出題範囲","dotted":"付点四分音符・1½","down":"一つ下の線・間へ","eighth":"八分音符・½","eighth_rest":"八分休符・½","error":"再生できませんでした。再試行するか文章で確認してください。","finished":"終了です。最後の解説を復習するか、新しいラウンドへ進みましょう。","first_inversion":"第一転回形","first_try":"初回で正解","flat":"フラット ♭","full":"全体を再生","half":"二分音符・2","half_rest":"二分休符・2","heading":"三和音を作って読む","hint":"位置のヒント","idle":"再生を押すと音が鳴ります。編集すると停止します。","intro":"根音 C・D・F を選び、長短と転回形を別々に変更。五線の和音を読んでから聴きます。","inversion":"最低音の位置","key_hint":"調号のシャープ一つは、臨時記号で変更されない限り全オクターブの F に効きます。小節線で臨時記号はリセットされますが、調号は残ります。","key_prompt":"調号と臨時記号を使って、示された音を読みます。","ledger":"短い加線で五線を延長します。数え方は五線内と同じです。","major":"長三和音","material":"選んだ小節の素材","melody_only":"旋律だけ","minor":"短三和音","missing":"不足分","mixed":"両方の音部記号","natural":"ナチュラル ♮","next":"次の問題","one_bar":"選んだ小節を再生","plain":"幹音","play":"再生","playing":"再生中…","position":"最下線からの段数(隣の線・間へ一つで 1):","pulse":"基準パルス","quality":"種類","quarter":"四分音符・1","quarter_rest":"四分休符・1","question":"オクターブと臨時記号も含めて読み、確認する前に答えを選びます。","reset":"最初の配置に戻す","rest":"休符","restart":"新しいラウンド","reveal":"解説を見る","root":"根音","root_position":"基本形","round":"進行","second_inversion":"第二転回形","sharp":"シャープ ♯","staff_description":"五線譜。譜面を見られない場合は位置の説明を使えます。","starting":"音声を準備中…","stop":"停止","symbols":"音符と休符の音価","target_note":"読む音の番号:","tied":"タイで結ぶ四分音符二つ・2","treble":"ト音記号","unit":"完全な小節ではなく記号の抜粋です。音価は四分音符の単位。試聴は四拍で、休符でも控えめなパルスが続きます。","untied":"別々の四分音符二つ・1 + 1","up":"一つ上の線・間へ","volume":"音量","whole":"全音符・4","whole_rest":"全休符・ここでは 4","written":"記載済み","wrong":"まだ違います。選んだ答えと解説を比べましょう。"}}
F–A–C は F–A♭–C、そして A♭–C–F になります。フラットは A に属し、隣の線へ符頭を移してはいません。第三音の綴りを譜面で確認できます。次は D の短三和音を作り、第三音が F♭ でなく F になる理由を説明しましょう。
曲の中で和音が変わったら、低音が動いたのか、上の音が動いたのか、両方なのかを聴いてみましょう。まだすべての音名が分からなくても構いません。この区別が、次回の旋律と伴奏の関係を理解する足場になります。